Unethical Behavior In An Organization - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2321 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/03/22 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Behavior Essay Did you like this example? Problem Statement How can we distinguish whether the decisions we make at work are right or wrong? What is right to us may not be seen as right to others, or the other way around. As our book mentions we face ethical dilemmas and ethical choices in which we are required to identify right and wrong conduct (Robbins Judge, 2017). As people we all have different mindsets and do not think the same as others. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Unethical Behavior In An Organization" essay for you Create order We may face challenges in our workplace or school as a result of this. Determining the ethically correct way to behave is especially difficult for both managers and employees in a global economy because different cultures have different perspectives on certain ethical issues (Robbins Judge, 2017). I chose this topic on unethical behavior in an organization, because at one point in our life we have faced or will face a situation where we ask ourselves, if our behavior in the workplace is right or wrong. Barsky refers to, immoral and corrupt behaviors interchangeably as unethical behaviors, which are defined as behaviors that are generally considered wrong within a given society (Barsky, 2008). Business organizations and academic institutions have developed tests, booklets, and even activities in the workplace to help minimize unethical behavior. Having good ethics is not only important in the workplace, but also important in life and its just a sense of having human morale. Furthermore, not all of us are taught what ethics is at home or what is considered unethical behavior in an organization. Now, it is more important than ever to know what unethical behavior is, as well as knowing as what good ethics is. Unethical behavior of employees in the workplace or members of an organization not only threatens the reputation of the affected organizations, but also has a devastating effect on theses organizations. It does not only harm, but also puts at risk the human relations of the organi zation. (Singh Twalo, 2015) Reasons for the Problem Benefits their organization A reason why unethical behavior occurs within a business organization is because members or employees want to benefit their organization. Individuals in ethical dilemma situations often face a motivational conflict between the desire to maximize self-interest and the desire to act morally appropriate ways. (Sheldon Fishbach, 2015). Cheating, dishonesty, stealing, breaking ethical norms or standards are all considered unethical behavior done by employees to benefit their bosses, the organization that they are in. (Bazerman Gino, 2012). We think that we are doing a good to the company or organization we are in by participating in unethical activity. In an article published by Informs, Elizabeth Umphress and John Bingham stated that, Although employees may aim to help, the end results of their actions may be inconsistent with their intentions. For instance an employee may choose to destroy potentially incriminating documents to protect the organization, but the destruction of these do cuments may not result in any form of the organizational benefit. (Umphress Bingham, 2011). More so, unethical acts just do more harm than good. The outcome can be any of the following; losing the organizations information, money, documents, and even losing ones job. Influence of peers Additionally, the people that surround us may be an influence on us of doing unethical activity in the organization that we are in. We often play or go with the role of follow the leader, or monkey see, monkey do. In this case, a bad leader and bad monkey as well. A good leader would clearly would not participate in unethical behavior, but we do not see this, because we are being influenced by their actions and words. This is also because we do not have self-control. Self-control allows people to refrain from participating in unethical behaviors. (Gino, Schweitzer, Mead, Ariely, 2011). We have to be able to say no and disagree with our peers when they are in the wrong. Our peers that surround us in our workplace, schools, or wherever we go can make an impact on the choices we make. Whether it is wrong or right, unethical behavior plays a big role within the organization that we are part of. At the end, we are responsible for our own actions and how we are in charge of our self-contr ol no matter the influence of our peers. Social Exchange Theory More so, an explanation for unethical behavior found within an organization is because of the social exchange theory. According to Umphress and Bingham the social exchange theory focuses on the relationship cultivated by the exchange of resources between two parties. Accordingly, if one party provides a benefit, the other is motivated to the same thing by providing a benefit in return. (Umphress Bingham, 2011). If someone has a need or want and their peer has something that he or she does not have. Eventually there will be an exchange to where both groups end up benefiting and not taking in count if it is right or wrong. Both parties end up benefiting for themselves and not determining whether their actions are harmful to their organization. This is especially true when both parties are unhappy within the organization. They do not have good ethical behavior and end up making incorrect decisions. Effects of the Problem Morale Having unethical behavior in an organization effects not only the organization, but more specifically it leaves a big impact on the person. You can begin to ask yourself if that is really the person you want to be and how you would feel if someone provided unethical behavior in your organization. How would you react? What would be the consequences for that person? As mentioned before, we are responsible of our own actions. Having excellent ethical behavior shows who we are as a person. It provides a good idea of what our values and morals are. Productivity The more unethical behavior we provide in our workplace and business organization the less likely we are to produce good outcomes. When people are part of an organization and have different behavioral choices regarding how they will perform their job, they must use some criteria when deciding to which behaviors they will engage in. (Barsky, 2008). For example if they are feeling in a negative type of way, their work productivity will also have a negative outcome. As to someone who has a positive mindset, they will try their best and their productivity can be higher. Efficiency When someone shows unethical behavior the whole workplace or business organization can feel it too. Barsky mentions that in order to perform adequately, one must choose how to work quickly and effectively and to do so without violating ethical norms. (Barsky, 2008). One must perform efficiently so the organization is efficient. It is like a stack of dominos when one falls, all of them fall as well. Effectiveness When a person has unethical behavior it can have a certain effect towards other members of the organization as well. It can lack the performance of other members if nothing is done to correct this type of behavior. Like mentioned in the paragraphs before, unethical behavior in the workplace or business organization can have a toll on the people that surround us. As I mentioned, our surrounding peers can go with the role of following the leader. But how effective is unethical activity to the people that surround us? Managers at one point have to address and call out for unethical behavior. That way it does not provide assumptions that it is fine for other employees or members do it too, if it is not properly corrected the first time or brought up to attention. Goal Attainment Having unethical behavior within an organization can make it hard to reach the companys goals, because performance is being interrupted by bad behavior. When an individual is involved in setting goals in their organization, the consideration of behavioral options will likely begin before the goal is set, causing other aspects besides effectiveness for goal attainment (Barsky, 2008). Barsky goes on to explain that when a person is assigned a goal, evaluation of the available behavioral options is focused primarily on goal achievement. When goals are set or given to a person within an organization it is harder for the individual to commit any kind of unethical activity (Barsky, 2008). Possible Solutions Problem Solution #1 The following describes solutions that can be provided to reduce unethical behavior in the workplace or business organization. Some of them is by providing employees with codes of conducts, reward programs, and even a once-a-month seminar training to minimize unethical behavior. Ethics within an organization or a business comprise rules, standards, principles, or codes providing guidelines for morally behavior. (Singh Twalo, 2015). An article that came out by Forbes titled, How to Prevent Poor Ethical Decision-Making authored by Lisa Quast, stated that the first step is to read your companys employee manual and ethics guidelines which also goes by a code of conduct, and ensure you are clear on what is acceptable and unacceptable behavior. If one is unsure, you can always ask questions before proceeding to an action (Quast, 2011). Codes of conducts are useful and can help guide and provide a clear statement of what is expected of an individual in a workplace and business organization . Problem Solution #2 Next, another possible solution to help prevent unethical behavior in a business organization is providing individuals with reward programs. Reward programs can be seen as an act of providing motivation to individuals. In an article published by Springer, the author Harvey James Jr. states that an organizational reward system refers to the monetary and non-monetary mechanisms by which workers are rewarded within the workplace and organization. Monetary rewards consist of wages, salaries, cash bonuses, prizes, benefits, stock options, and employee profit-sharing plans (James, 2000). James also mentions that non-monetary incentives include promotions, public recognition, for example employee of the week. He goes on to talk about non-monetary prizes like free tickets to the opera or a sport event. Business organizations can make sure that their incentive programs do not reward the kinds of behaviors they wish to avoid (James, 2000). Problem Solution #3 Last but not least, the last solution to preventing unethical behavior within a business organization is having special seminar trainings once a month. Business organizations can provide videos, presentations, and papers on what good ethics is or what is expected of them when they are on site. They can also ask if they have any questions regarding what they are supposed to be doing, or what are the goals for that month and how can they better themselves. Just a day of the month where instead of working, it is a day of improving yourself. For example, if you tend to get nervous around your manager or boss, you can communicate with them. You can tell him or her the things that are making you uncomfortable or any suggestions you may have for them as well. All of this is done in order to prevent unethical behavior in the future, or it can give your boss or manager an idea of what you struggle with and help you along the way. Recommendation Overall, having good ethics wherever we go is important. For me it demonstrates how you were taught in your household. Your values and human morals can all be concluded as part of ethics you have. So what would be the best way to prevent unethical behavior in a business organization? Based on the research that I conducted, the best way that I consider to prevent unethical behavior in a workplace would be having a code of conduct. It can come in a book or document type or just having it on display is important as well. Whenever we are unsure of a decision we are about to make, we can always go back and refer to the code of conduct. As mentioned before, it gives the community and individual of what their expectations are within a business organization. A code of conduct found in an organization and workplace helps an individual with what actions is considered right or wrong, and the consequences they can face if they are violated. References Barsky, A. (2008). Understanding the Ethical Cost of Organizational Goal-Setting Review And Theory Development. Journal of Business Ethics, 81(1), 63-81. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org.proxy.lib.wayne.edu/stable/25482198 Bazerman, M.H., Gino, F. (2012). Toward a Deeper Understanding of Moral Judgment and Dishonesty. Behavioral ethics, Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 8, pp. 85-104, 10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-102811-173815 Gino, F., Schweitzer, M. E., Mead, N. L., Ariely, D. (2011). How Self-control Depletion Promotes Unethical behavior, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. Unable to Resist Temptation. Volume 115, Issue 2, Pages 191-203, ISSN 0749-5978, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.03.001. James, H. (2000). Reinforcing Ethical Decision Making through Organizational Structure. Journal of Business Ethics, 28(1), 43-58. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org.proxy.lib.wayne.edu/stable/25074399 Joseph, J., Berry, K., Deshpande, S. (2009). Impact of Emotional Intelligence and Other Factors on Perception of Ethical Behavior of Peers. Journal of Business Ethics, 89(4), 539-546. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/27735210 OFallon, M., Butterfield, K. (2012). The Influence of Unethical Peer Behavior Observers Unethical Behavior: A Social Cognitive Perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 109(2), 117-131. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org.proxy.lib.wayne.edu/stable/23259305 Quast, L. (2012, August 21). How To Prevent Poor Ethical Decision-Making. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/lisaquast/2011/12/19/how-to-prevent-poor-ethical-decision-making/ Robbins, S. P., Judge, T. A. (2017). Organizational Behavior 2017 With Pearson Etext (Ser. 2017). Pearson College Div Sheldon, O. J., Fishbach, A. (2015). Anticipating and Resisting the Temptation to Behave Unethically. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41(7), 962â€Å"975. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167215586196 Singh, P., Twalo, T. (2015). Mismanaging Unethical Behaviour in the Workplace. Journal of Applied Business Research, 31(2), 515. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.wayne.edu/docview/1699068573?accountid=14925 Umphress, E., Bingham, J. (2011). When Employees Do Bad Things for Good Reasons: Examining Unethical Pro-Organizational Behaviors. Organization Science, 22(3), 621-640. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org.proxy.lib.wayne.edu/stable/20868883

Yakults Operation Management Process - 4445 Words

Zakir ALI ALAMI Yakult’s Operation Management Process: Research Activities Part A: Background Information Questions 1) What is Yakults corporate philosophy? Ans: Yakult s greatest goal is to bring smiles to faces everywhere. The global corporate philosophy of the Yakult Group is: We contribute to the health and happiness of people around the world through pursuit of excellence in life sciences in general and our research and experience in microorganisms in particular. 2) What type of large-scale is the Yakult parent company? Ans: Yakult Australia Pty Ltd is a subsidiary of the Japanese parent company Yakult Honsho Co. 3) Outline Yakults organisational structure. Ans: Yakults organisation structure is Board of†¦show more content†¦| 2. | Sterilisation The sweet, milky solution is sterilised at a high temperature for a short time, destroying any bacteria that may be present. This process is called UHTST (Ultra Heat Treatment, Short Time). The solution is then transferred to a 6,000-litre fermentation tank via a closed system of pipes and valves. | 3. | Fermentation Tank Live Lactobacillus casei Shirota strain, cultured and tested in our laboratory, is added to the tank. The temperature of the tank is then reduced until the contents are at 37 °C (body temperature). The solution is allowed to ferment in the tank for 6-9 days or until the numbers of Lactobacillus casei bacteria reach their ideal concentration. | 4. | Control Panel This machine is fully computerized and controls the flow of production. Different coloured lights indicate any areas that need attention. | 5. | Flavour Tank Citrus flavour is added to the concentrate. | 6. | Storage Tank The flavoured, concentrate is transferred to a 12,000 litre storage tank, containing a chilled syrup solution. The tank is chilled to around 2 °C. | 7. | Water Steriliser Yakult uses water that is de-mineralised (any dissolved chlorides and fluorides are removed) by a process called reverse osmosis. The water is then UV sterilised, after which it is stored in a 25,000 litre holding tank before being used in the production process. | 8. | Mixing Tank

Day Care free essay sample

In 1990, 7. 2 million mothers with 11. 7 million children under the age of 15 worked either full or part time during non-standard hours. Mothers with children under age 5 have the highest percentage of voluntary non-standard hours. Marketing efforts will remain primarily grassroots using local resources, current families, and churches to promote Bouncy Kids Child Development Center. 3 Introduction Bouncy Kids Child Development Center is a Limited Liability Company (LLC) owned by (CDC Owner). (CDC Owner) has over 15 years in the child care industry and has worked vigorously to provide care for Development Center will operate under a Christian philosophy that children need to be treated with warmth and respect. The children served by Bouncy Kids especially need experiences that will foster physical, social, emotional, and cognitive growth. The atmosphere at Bouncy Kids will be a caring environment to encourage independence, constructive problem solving, positive self-esteem, and improved self-worth. Bouncy Kids Child Care opened for business in 1996 and at that time was licensed for forty children. Currently, the center is licensed for sixty children aged 6 weeks to 6 years. XX children are enrolled at Bouncy Kids . (CDC Owner) started the child development center with the mission to serve inner city, low-income families with quality childcare. She is passionate about the need to assist children in their early childhood development with a stable, enriching and loving environment while their parents are working. She also understands the problems of lower income parents who cannot afford to pay for quality childcare. She has been operating the center from her hearts and passion to help families find personal and financial stability. The owner is now trying to operate their centers in a more business-like manner. 4 Industry Analysis The childcare industry remains essentially a mom-and-pop business ringing up annual sales estimated to be between $10 billion and $35 billion. Although the national chains grew 200% during the 80’s, they still accounted for only 5% of the childcare centers operating nationwide. In 1995, only 9 chains had as many as 24 centers. The rest were much smaller operations, many of hem non-profit or run in a provider’s home. Profit margins in the industry are very slim. The average for-profit daycare center earns 5% over costs. Some franchise operations function at about 7% margins. Information on the costs involved in the daycare industry was found in the 1995 report entitled â€Å"Cost, Quality and Child Outcomes in Childcare Centers†. Because childcare is so labor intensive, labor costs account for 70% of a center’s total expensed costs. Facilities make up 15% of the expended cost budget. However economies of scale can be realized. Total expended costs decline as the number of children served at the childcare center increases. On average, centers with 40 or more full-time equivalent children realized a 10% savings in total cost per child per hour, while centers with 80 full-time equivalent children realized a 20% cost savings. One major emerging trend in the childcare industry according to the Census Bureau’s Report â€Å"What Does It Cost to Mind Our Preschoolers? † is the care of children during non- standard hours. The service sector is projected to have the highest and fastest growing percentage of shift workers at 42%. In 1990, 7. 2 million mothers with 11. million children under the age of 15 worked either full or part time during non-standard hours. Mothers with children under age 5 have the highest percentage of voluntary non-standard hours. In 1991, almost 20% of all full-time workers worked during non-standard hours. Positions requiring non- standard hours, such as nurses, restaurant workers and cashiers, are expected to account for almost 19% of the overall projected growth in employment through the year 2002. As found in the recent study, â€Å"Cost, Quality and Outcomes Study and the Study of Quality in F amily Care and Relative Care†, childcare is one of the lowest paid occupations. A study by the National Committee on Pay Equity (1987) discovered that childcare is the second most underpaid profession, and that the turnover rates are the highest among any industry. Childcare workers often receive few benefits, such as medical and dental insurance and paid 5 time off. A good-quality center is characterized by adequate providers’ wages, education and training, resulting in lower turnover. The national childcare staffing study (1990) found that wages were the most important predictor of quality of care. Adequate pay is necessary to attract childcare workers with necessary education and training to provide children with quality care. High turnover of staff is a concern. The primary reason why people leave their jobs with childcare centers is the low income. 31% of the providers earning $200 or less per week left the occupation during 1990 as compared with 15% for those earning more than that amount. Other factors that influence their choice to leave of stay include: working conditions, increasing demands of parents that can not be met, lack of benefits, personal reasons (retirement or pregnancy) and lack of career opportunities. How children spend their time before and after school is a concern for many parents. According to the Child Care Bulletin (March/April 1995, Issue 2) the average child spends 3 hours a day watching television or playing video games. Other activities include playing with friends, homework and reading. 76% of school-aged children whose mothers work are cared for by 2 or more different childcare arrangements per week. Almost 15% (14. 6%) of children spend some time alone each week, with that percentage increasing with age. Critical childcare factors There are 4 demographic and socio-economic factors that have a strong influence on the childcare industry. They are: †¢ The number of preschool children. †¢ The number of working mothers with preschool children. †¢ The likelihood that parents will select a childcare center over other childcare arrangements. †¢ The financial ability to pay for childcare centers. 6 Number of preschool children . The preschool population has been increasing nationally on a steady basis. Since 1989, over 4-million children have been born annually, and that figure is expected to be similar for 1997. Data from the National Center of Health Statistics indicates that over half of the babies born in 1994 were born to women aged 20 to 29, while a third were born to women in their 30’s. Among women aged 40 to 44, they saw an 8% increase in the number of babies born. Older mothers are more likely to earn more and spend more on their children. This steady growth can be attributed to several factors. One factor involves a higher than anticipated birth rate of immigrant mothers. Another factor is the fertility rates for women in there 30’s are higher than anticipated. Children born to women in their 30’s was 33% in 1988 as compared to 19% in 1976. The trend of women delaying childbirth is expected to continue. The encouraging impacts of this trend for the childcare industry is that women aged 30-34 are more likely to return to work quickly and require childcare services. These mothers have established careers to support their family lifestyles. One factor that could have an impact both positively and/or negatively is the decreasing size of American families. There will be fewer children born to each family, but the overall rate, as stated above, is expected to remain relatively consistent. The good news to the childcare industry is that the shift to later child bearing and smaller families provides a greater number of households with two incomes. These families with two incomes will have more disposable income to spend on their children and the mother will be more inclined to continue to work after the children are born. Number of working mothers with preschool children . The number of mothers with preschool children that are working has risen steadily since the 1960’s. In 1990, 55% of the mothers with children under 6 were working and is expected to increase to 75% by the year 2000. This trend is expected to continue due to a shift in attitudes toward women and working. The Census Bureau reports that the percentage of mothers with infants under 1 year who return to work has increased from 15% in1968 to 51% in 1988. 7 The Study of Early Childcare, by the National Institute of Child Health and Development, found that half of the infants in the study were at childcare at 3 months of age. Over one third of the infants had been in at least 3 different childcare arrangements by the end of their first year. The study also found that the children that entered the childcare at a younger age had mothers who earned more and were less dependant upon income from fathers or other sources. In a 1977 survey, adults were asked if they agreed or disagreed with the statement, â€Å"A working mother can establish just as secure a relationship with her children as a mother who does not work†. In 1977 50% of the adults agreed with the above statement and in 1991 64% agreed. Additionally in 1992 survey of college students, 89% of the women surveyed saw marriage and children as part of their lives before the age of 35. Of the 89%, 97% planned to continue their careers after giving birth and 88% of the men surveyed assumed the women would continue to work after the birth of a child. Likelihood that parents will select a childcare center over other childcare arrangements . The trend for utilizing childcare centers has been increasing steadily since 1965. In 1992, the number of preschool children of working mothers enrolled in childcare centers exceeded the number of children cared for by parents, relatives, nannies, or family daycare providers. The primary choice of working mothers was relatives to care for their children prior to 1990. Today, nearly 1 in 3 children of working mothers attends a childcare center. A major shift has occurred over the last ten years from parents preferring relatives or family daycare to utilizing childcare centers. The following chart illustrates the trend for increasing use of daycare centers/nursery 35% 30% 25% Facility 20% Parents 15% Relatives Non-relatives 10% 5% 8 0% 1977 1985 1990 1991 1993 schools since 1977: The increase in use of daycare centers between married couples (30. %) and single mothers (29. 5%) is very consistent. The drop in 1991 for both married couples and single mothers is attributed to the recession and the lay-offs associated with that recession. Another important factor is the drop in care by the fathers. The number of families, using the father to provide care far the children is again decreasing after an increase in 1991. The primary target market for most daycare franchises is working women between the ages of 25 to 39 with household incomes of $25,000 to $75,000 and higher than average education levels. According to the US Department of Education, 28% of women who work full- time use organized childcare as opposed to 15% by women employed part-time. The same study also determined that families earning over $54,000 per year were 34% more likely to use organized childcare facilities than families having lower monthly incomes. Financial ability to pay for childcare centers . The financial affordability of daycare centers is an issue that many recognize as a problem. The high cost of delivering quality childcare services prices the formal childcare center out of an affordable range for many families. Almost 40% of respondents surveyed felt that they could not afford their current childcare arrangements, or the arrangements they would prefer (American Federation, 1987). Families earning over $45,000 are twice as likely to enroll their children in centers then families with income below $20,000. Household incomes, public subsidies, and employer support are all factors that influence the choice of childcare options. As stated earlier, the higher the household income, the more likely the mother is to continue working after the birth of her child and the more disposable income they have to spend on childcare services. The Government has developed grants to assist low-income families and has also discussed increasing childcare subsidies for low to moderate-income families. Additionally, approximately 2% of American companies with 10 or more employees provide on-site childcare and another 3% provide other childcare subsidiaries. In the business 9 areas, the large corporations (sales over $500 million) are the most likely to support employee childcare. American Demographics According to the US Department of Agriculture estimates that the average cost of raising a child through age 18 is $145,000 in 1995 dollars. % ($13,050) goes toward childcare and educational expenses.

Project Management International Finance

Question: Discuss about the Project Management for International Finance. Answer: Using 50-50 Rule Using 0-100 Rule Earned Value Discrepancy From the two tables shown above, it can be deduced that the Earned Value Discrepancy is 8,825. Schedule Variance using 50-50 Rule Scheduled Variance (SV) is the difference between Planned Value (PV), which is the budgeted value and Earned Value (EV), which is the actual value of the work at the specific time. This factor determines whether the project work is ahead of, or on or behind the schedule. In this case study SV = EV PV = 4,275 11,050 = -6,775. As the result is negative, the project work is behind schedule, (Baker Riddick, 2013). Schedule Performance Index (SPI) This factor, which is the ratio between EV and PV, is used to determine if the project work is ahead of or on or behind schedule in relative terms. In this case study, SPI = EV / PV = 4,275 / 11,050 = 0.38. As the result is less than 1, it reflects that the project work is behind schedule, (Baker Riddick, 2013). Cost Variance (CV) using 50-50 Rule This factor, which is the difference between PV and AC (the Actual Cost), is used to determine whether the project work is under or on or over budget. In this case study, CV = EV AC = 13,100 19,600 = - 6,500. As the result is negative, it shows that the project is behind schedule, (Mudra, 2014). Cost Performance Index (CPI) This factor, which is the ratio between EV and AC, is used to determine if the project work is ahead of or on or behind schedule in relative terms. In this case study, CPI = EV / AC = 13,100 / 19,600 = 0.67. As the result is less than 1, it reflects that the project work is behind schedule, (Baker Riddick, 2013). Estimate at Completion (EAC) As the project progresses, there can be variations which occur into the final Budgeted Actual Cost (BAC) as compared to the planned final cost. This factor is used to determine the ratio of the project / estimate values of the planned cost of the project at the projects finish with the currently available data of the project. This factor can be determined by using the following formula to calculate EAC, which is based on the information and conditions given in the case study: EAC = BAC / CPI = 17,350 / 0.67 = 25,895. A Brief Status Report based on Table 01 From the results obtained for the project which have been based on various factors used for calculating the values, it has been observed that the project is under-performing. In fact, all the results show that the project is behind schedule and may eventually prove to be costly for the management, (Mudra, 2014). But I have another fact to bring to the notice of the management and that concerns with the authenticity of these results. Experts have opined in many instances that the results obtained by using these factors are only indicative and should not be considered as final verdicts on the outcome of the project. It is therefore essential for the management to arrive at a conclusion only after all the tasks have been completed and then arrive at the correct conclusion. In this respect, the management should look at the projected values shown in Table-4. These values show that the project is right on schedule and cannot be considered as a loss making project, (Mudra, 2014). List of References Baker, H.K. and Riddick, L.A. (2013) International Finance: A Survey. Oxford: OUP USA. Mudra, J. (2014) International Financial Management (12th ed). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning.

Martin Luther King Essays (476 words) - Anglican Saints,

Martin Luther King Brainard 1Craig BrainardMrs. RobinsonJunior Honors English8 January 1998Martin Luther King, Jr. Essay On August 28, 1963, Martin Luther King Junior stepped up to the podium in Washington D. C. to deliver one of the most famous and influential speeches of our time. The crowd of over 200,000 listened to his I Have a Dream speech, in which King attempted to convince people to live together in peace and understanding of one another. This was one of his many successful non-violent demonstrations. Born in Atlanta, Georgia, on January 15, 1929, Martin Luther King Junior had always been close to discrimination. At an early age, he, like many other black children, was told to no longer play with his white friends. He was called a nigger on numerous occasions. Despite these racial handicaps, King was admitted to Morehouse College at age fifteen, without completing high school. He graduated from Morehouse in 1948 and, in 1955, received a Ph.D. in theology from Boston University. As a preacher, he tried to convey the message of peaceful resistance to social injustices. While working toward his Ph.D. in Boston, he met his future wife, Coretta Scott. They had four children; two sons and two daughters. Martin Luther III, Dexter Scott, Yolanda Denise, and Bernice Albertine were the fruits of their passion. King's dream was of a desegregated south. He studied the ways of his Indian counterpart, Gandhi, who also fought social injustices without throwing a punch or firing a shot. King was jailed several times, as was Gandhi, in his search for social equality. After a brief stint in prison, King became the youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. He also lead a march on Washington D. C. where he delivered his most famous speech, I Have a Dream. Some of the words of this speech follow.When we allow freedom's ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day, when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands, and sing in the words of the old Negro Spiritual: Free at last, free at last. Thank God almighty, we are free at last! Early in 1968, King traveled to Memphis, Tennessee to support a strike by poorly paid sanitation workers. There, on April fourth, he was assassinated by James Earl Ray. Ironically, his death prompted many violent riots from blacks in many southern cities. He was buried in his hometown of Atlanta, Georgia. Martin Luther King's message was a simple one: Problems can be solved without the use of violence. His message should not be forgotten, nor should it be shunned. This January fifteenth, do something positive for yourself or your community. English Essays

Lord of the Flies compared to Famous Philosophers essays

Lord of the Flies compared to Famous Philosophers essays Lord of the Flies compared to Famous Philosophers A plane full of military boys crashes into the ocean. The boys struggle for safety and are soon stranded on a deserted island. They elect a leader and all is well until controversy arises. The group splits and two types of governments are formed. Many things about Lord of the Flies can be compared to several different philosophers throughout history. Aristotle, a Greek philosopher born in 384 BC, believed that slavery is a piece of life property and it is a natural institution. In Lord of the Flies, Jack treated the people on his side like they were slaves. Jack even whipped one little boy for doing something wrong. Ralph said to the twins, who had joined Jacks side, Youve got to stand up to him, or youll just be another one of his slaves. Nicolo Machiavelli, a 15th century Italian philosopher, focused on a monarch government and believed in a dictatorship. When Jack separated from Ralph, he went on to create a dictatorship. He was the leader and people had to follow him. Before too long, he didnt hardly have to do any work, because of all the people that he had corrupted into doing all the work for him. Thomas Hobbs was a 16th century man from England. In his book, Leviathan, he wrote that man is selfish and will battle for power. In one scene Jack had the twins say, The chief has spoken to convey that he has the pow er and he is the boss. John Locke, a 17th century British Philosopher, believed in protecting the rights of people, just like Ralph wanted to do with Piggys glasses and the safety knife that were both eventually taken. Also, he felt that everyone had the right to speak their mind. Ralph and the other boys came from a military school, where they probably couldnt speak there mind like they would have liked, so giving the boys the right to speak whenever they held the conch shell, gav...

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Of the Film Immortal Beloved - Movie Review Example The film â€Å"Immortal Beloved† was released in 1994 and dealt with the life and loves of the famous composer Ludwig van Beethoven. It is both a beautiful tribute to the genius of a man who gave to the world such great masterpieces as the Ninth Symphony (made while completely deaf) and an attempt to throw new light into a mystery that has perplexed and fascinated many Beethoven scholars and researchers. In particular, it concerns the mystery behind the true identity of the â€Å"Unsterbliche Gelliebte† or the Immortal Beloved. Three letters that were found in the private files of the renowned singer were addressed to this Immortal Beloved. The movie begins upon the death of Beethoven and his assistant is faced with the task of carrying out the instructions in the Last Will and Testament. He chances upon one of the letters addressed to an â€Å"Immortal Beloved† and wonders who this might be. The movie then shows a series of flashbacks from the famous musicianâ⠂¬â„¢s past and comes to the conclusion, after showing Schindler interviewing several people, that Beethoven’s Immortal Beloved is none other than Johanna Reiss, the daughter of a prosperous Viennese upholsterer named Anton van Reiss. In the film, she had become pregnant out of wedlock with Beethoven’s child, but because of a series of unfortunate events, she did not marry him, but rather she married his brother Kaspar. The movie, however, cannot be considered a faithful depiction of the life of Beethoven. It is a work of fiction and should be taken as such. There are several things about it that were true, such as the fact that Schindler was indeed a secretary and a close confidante, that he had gotten into a legal battle with his sister-in-law Johanna (the one who the film suggests is the Immortal Beloved) and there is indeed the love letter which was found in the possession of Beethoven after his death. Most importantly, it showed the intensity of the man and his mu sic, and the raging emotions that this music depicted. â€Å"It is the power of music to carry one into the mental state of the composer,† is a powerful line in the movie, delivered by Beethoven, as magnificently played by Gary Oldman. Maynard Solomon, a Beethoven biographer and scholar, had called the love letter the only â€Å"unalloyed love letter of [Beethoven's] bachelor existence—an uncontrolled outburst of passionate feeling, exalted in tone, confused in thought, and ridden with conflicting emotions" (Beethoven, p. 159). However, and this is an important historical inaccuracy, it cannot be true that the recipient of that letter wherein he referred to the unidentified woman as   "mein Engel, mein alles, mein Ich . . . meine unsterbliche Geliebte" (which translates as "my angel, my all, my I . . . my immortal beloved") According to Maynard Solomon, the woman being referred to in the letter is not Johanna Reiss Beethoven, but rather, it is a married woman by the name of Antonie Brentano. Her husband and sister-in-law are friends of Beethoven, with the latter even introducing the composer to the famous German poet Goethe. Through fine investigation skills and deft use of dates, Solomon had managed to place Brentano in Prague from July 1 to July 4, 1812, when Beethoven says he saw her. Brentano also went ahead to Karlsbad, a small spa town, where she and Beethoven had planned to meet later that summer. Beethoven had also dedicated the op. 109 piano sonata, the magisterial  Diabelli Variations, and the English edition of the op. 111 piano sonata to Brentano and her daughter Maximiliane. Maynard Solomon suggests that Brentano, who was a great fan of the music of Ludwig Beethoven, had also fallen in love with him and their relationship, even though short-lived because Beethoven could not see any long-term prospects in carrying on a relationship with a married woman, was a serious one. Fanny Giannatasio, who Beethoven had met at a later time, had bewailed the fact that he was still in love with another woman and Solomon concludes that it was

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Budget Hotels In Malaysia

Budget Hotels In Malaysia Abstract: The contribution of tourism sector to the economic development is pretty significant in Malaysia. And budget hotels play important role in tourism industry. Budget hotel is defined as a small hotel that is financed by one individual or a small group of individuals, and it is mangers are the same time its owner. Generally the characteristics of those budget hotels are that the managers do not operate through a formalized management structure. At present budget hotels are relatively few in Malaysia. This study tries to find the reason why there are so few budget hotels in Malaysia. We find that the shortage of budget hotels in Malaysia is due to the reason that positive externalities of budget hotels have not been effectively internalized. Externalities of budget hotels means that the development of budget hotels will attract more tourists and those tourists will bring more value to other sectors. When a positive externality exists in a market, the private marginal benefit cu rve is less than the societys marginal benefit curve. With positive externalities, the production and consumption are less than the optimal production to the society. Because the positive externalities of budget hotels have not been effectively internalized, the stimulation for budget hotel owners to supply more budget hotel services is not high enough. Through secondary research, we find that the hotel industry has important influence on the whole tourism industry and the externalities of hotel industry also have significant impacts on the tourism industry. This results means that there is possibility that the budget hotel or other hotels cooperates with firms from other industries and produce more value for customers and for themselves. Furthermore we discuss the needs and wants of budget hotel customers based on Maslows theory of human needs, which he named the Hierarchy of Needs. We classify the needs of budget hotel customers into three levels. The first level is safety, the se cond level is necessary facilities and the third level is the pursuit of happiness. Then we discuss how budget hotels should perform according to the three levels of needs. At last we discuss how a budget hotel is able to control its service quality so as to attract customers and establish customer loyalty. We argue that one characteristic of hotel industry is that the monitoring cost is very high and many behaviors of the servants cannot be easily observed. It indicates that stimulation may be much more important than penalty. Under such a situation, the sense of responsibility is of great importance in the hospitality industry. We argue that the sense of responsibility may arise from good communication between employees. Keywords: Budget Hotel; Externality; Tourism Industry; Cooperation Contents 2 1. Introduction 3 2. Objectives of this paper: 5 3. Literature Review 6 3.1 Price Theory 6 3.2 Determinants of tourism demand 8 3.3 Externalities of hospitality industry 9 4. Theoretical Framework 10 4.1 Classical Price Theory and Hotel Price 10 4.2 Externalities of Hotel Price and Cooperation between Industries 11 5. Research Methodology 13 1. Introduction Tourism is important for the economic development of many countries including Malaysia. The contribution of this sector to the economic development of Malaysia was 37% of GDP in 1970, and increased to 43% in 1980, 47% in 1990 and 53% in 2007 (Abdullah et al. 2011). In addition, the growth rate of this sector has been pretty rapid. The average annual growth rate was 9% during the 1970s, close to 7% in the 1980s, and 8.5% during the most recently. Figure 1.1 shows this trend with concrete data of arrivals and receipts of tourism industry in Malaysia. The significant importance and the rapid growth rate of tourism industry imply a much greater contribution of tourism to the economic growth of Malaysia. It is expected that the contribution of the services sector to GDP will increase up to 60% by 2020. The Malaysian government has recognized the importance of tourism industry and has placed the development of tourism industry at a very important place. At present, tourism has been designa ted as a priority sector in the Ninth Malaysia Plan. Figure 1.1 the Arrivals and Receipts of Malaysian Tourism The Malaysia government tries to promote the development of this industry. But how could we improve the development of tourism industry? The first attention may be focused on the development of hotels or hospitality industry. The reason is that accommodation fee takes a very important weight in the expenditure of tourists, which implies that the development of hotels will pose great influence of tourism industry. The second consideration is that hospitality industry is related with many other industries. Hospitality industry is a huge industry, including not only hotels but also transportation, restaurants and so on. Without any hesitation, the hospitality industry is related to every aspects of peoples daily life. The correlation between hotels and other tourism sectors indicates that the whole tourism may benefit more if the hospitality industry could cooperate well with other related sectors. Therefore we hold the opinion that to promote the development of hotels and to make innov ation in strategies of hospitality industry is fairly important to promoting the development of tourism in Malaysia. In this study, we focus on issues related to budget hotels, because budget hotels play important role in tourism industry and the budget hotel industry has not developed very well in Malaysia  [1]  . According to the existing research, small and mediate enterprises, including budget hotels, are very important in tourism industry and all the business industries. For example, Abdullah (2011) find that firms with less than fifteen employees account for around 79% of all Irish tourism businesses, which is a characteristic of the tourism sector in many other countries recently. Sheldon (1993) find that over 90% of tourist accommodation establishments are represented by small firms in the world. And a similar dominance is reflected within Malaysia where owner operators account for the majority of all hotels. Morrison (1996) argues that the tourism industry has been dominated by the small business traditionally and this is still the fact in 1990s. There are several reasons leading to th e popularity of small hotels. The first reason is the low benchmark of entering into the budget hotel sector. It is not difficult to start up a small hotel business and the professional requirements related to this sector are relatively low in with regard to other industries (Lerner Haber, 2001; Szivas, 2001). The second reason is that demand for small accommodation is high, which enables small hotel providers to offer a wide quality range of products, facilities and special services to the market. The third reason is the flexibility of budget hotels. Budget hotels are small and the small size allows an owner-manager to respond quickly to demand shift and market change. In addition, the costs of budget hotels are relatively low because of the advantage of using family labor (Getz Carlsen, 2000; Lowe, 1988). Because budge hotels are very important in hospitality industry and hospitality industry is pretty significant for tourism industry, it is necessary for us to make clear the in fluence of budget hotel on tourism. Before analyzing the influence of budget hotels on truism industry and discussing the management of budget hotels, we need to make clear the definitions of hotel and budget hotel. A hotel is an establishment providing accommodations and usually meals and other services for travelers  [2]  . Generally there are several categories classifying hotels. Most often we may divide hotels into two subgroups, including star hotels and budget hotels. According to the view of Kim and Mauborgne (1997), there are two market segments in the budget hotel industry and the star hotel industry. Star hotels are generally more expensive than budget hotels while providing more services. Most star hotels have some amenities under certain star rating system, which usually includes private bathroom, color TV, telephone, air conditioner, refrigerator, safety deposit box, daily maid service, 24 hours front desk. The lowest level of star hotels is the one-star hotels, which are the most basic hotels providi ng all the basic amenities for all star hotels. But the rooms of one star hotel are relatively small. Some one-star hotels even do not provide refrigerators and safety deposit boxes. Budget hotels cannot be classified into those standard star rating systems and they are characterized with low price while providing less facilities. Generally these hotels do not offer ancillary facilities on top of the standard basic accommodation facilities. Maybe they are not clean enough, safe enough and do not supply something that you consider as essential for your stay. But many of the budget hotels have their own characteristics which depend on the operation of its managers. But the definition shown above is generally used in other countries than Malaysia. In Malaysia, budget hotels may provide better services than one-star hotels. For example, Malaysia Budget Hotel Dot Com (MBHDC), is an organization uniting some budge hotels, and it specializes in providing high quality and lowest price budget hotels in Malaysia (3 Stars and below)  [3]  . In the understanding of this organization, cheap hotels, youth hostels, low cost resorts, motels, guesthouses and rest houses are all in the category of budget hotels. Based on the definition of Morrison (1996) on a small tourism business, we may define a budget hotel as a small hotel that is financed by one individual or a small group of individuals, and it is mangers are the same time its owner. Generally the characteristics of those budget hotels are that the managers do not operate through a formalized management structure. It is not affiliated to an external agency on a continual basis for at least one manag ement function. In addition, it is small in terms of physical facilities, service capacity, and number of employees. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the influence of hotel industry on the whole tourism industry, and to explore the possibility of making innovations in budget hotel industry, which may improve the development of tourism industry of Malaysia. This study tries to find the reason why there are so few budget hotels in Malaysia. We interpret this phenomenon with theories of price and externalities. It is found that the reason for the lack of budget hotels is that the positive externalities of budget hotels have not been effectively internalized. Externalities of budget hotels means that the development of budget hotels will attract more tourists and those tourists will bring more value to other sectors. Because the positive externalities of budget hotels have not been effectively internalized, the stimulation for budget hotel owners to supply more budget hotel services is not high enough. Through secondary research, we find that the hotel industry has important influence on t he whole tourism industry and the externalities of hotel industry also have significant impacts on the tourism industry. This results means that there is possibility that the budget hotel or other hotels cooperates with firms from other industries and produce more value for customers and for themselves. Furthermore we discuss the needs and wants of budget hotel customers based on the theory Maslows levels of human needs, which he named the Hierarchy of Needs. Then we discuss how budget hotels should perform according to the three levels of needs. At last we discuss how a budget hotel is able to control its service quality, attract customers and establish customer loyalty. 2. Objectives of this paper: Defining budget hotel and compare different concepts. Analyzing the influence of budget hotel price on tourism; Understanding customers wants and needs in relation to budget hotel accommodation; Investigating quality and methods to retain customer in budget hotels; Analyzing principles establishing brand loyalty for budget hotels. 3. Literature Review 3.1 Price Theory This study tries to find reasons why there are so few budget hotels in Malaysia. Because the supply of budget hotels is adjusted by price in a market economy, we need to use a proper price theory to explain this economic phenomenon. Therefore we need to select a best price theory that is able to help us to gain deep understanding about the shortage of budget hotels in Malaysia. Economists have for a long time been aware of the importance of price and try different ways explaining the mechanism of price formation. The existing economic thoughts on price are so rich and colorful that we often feel confused when evaluating different kinds of price theories. The evolution of price theory can be classified roughly as three classes, including Marxs theory of value, economic price theory and accounting theories of pricing. In order to understand the evolution of price theory, we need to start thinking from the exchange behavior. The reason of choosing exchange behavior as the starting point is that exchange is the foundation of the market economy. Exchange behavior is the most common phenomenon in a market economy. In fact there is no price if there was no exchange. But why do we exchange with others? Intuitively, we can get more utilities through exchange. In the process of exchange we can get something useful from others, at the same time we must be able to provide something useful for others. Otherwise the deal cannot be done. The great classical economists like Adam Smith and Karl Marx had paid much attention to exchange behavior. In his famous book An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations Adam Smith (1776) wrote down the following words, which have been quoted by numerous economists. Man has almost constant occasion for the help of his brethren, and it is in vain for him to expect it from their benevolence only. He will be more likely to prevail if he can interest their self-love in his favor, and show them that it is for their own advantage to do for him what he requires of them. Whoever offers to another a bargain of any kind, proposes to do this. Give me what I want, and you shall have this which you want, is the meaning of every such offer; and it is the manner that we obtain from one another the far greater part of those good offers which we stand in need of. It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity but to their self-love. Smith saw the pretty positive aspect of the market economy of compelling people to cooperate with each other through exchange. Smith recognized that to propose an exchange is intending to show other people that your goods or service is useful to them. When you finished exchange, it means the other person recognizes that your goods or service is of value. Exchange can be considered as the fundamental factor of the market economy. Karl Marx does provide a special way explaining value and price although Marxism is generally considered a way of engaging and transforming social reality (Tinker, 1999). Marxs theory of value is based on the analysis of exchange behavior. Karl Marx started his analysis on capitalism from the definition of commodity which was obtained from his analysis of exchange behavior. According to Marx commodities are the fundamental units of capitalism and capitalism can be viewed as a form of economy based on the intense accumulation of such objects (Bourguignon, 2005). He also pointed out A commodity is, in the first place, an object outside of us, a thing that by its properties satisfies human wants of some sort or another (Karl Marx, 1887). After noting that commodity exchange, Marx turned his attention to the question: why we are able to exchange two different products? His answer is that there must be comparable thing between the two different products. Therefore people are able to decid e the exchange ratio based on the amount of the comparable thing in the two different products. If this is true, then what is the comparable thing? Marx thought it is labor  [4]  . Although different products have different uses, they are all made through labor. The labor contained in a product is the value of this product. If one product cost more labor, then this product is more valuable. This is a perspective from cost. This analysis is reasonable at that time, but when the productivity becomes so advanced that a lot of different factors besides labor, such as technology and management skill, begin to make greater contribution to production, Marxs theory of value is hardly able to interpret various complex economic phenomenon. Then another class of price theory was developed and become more attractive. That is the price theory based on the concept of utility. The framework of utility-price theory became well established when Economics went into the 20th century with the development of mathematical analysis (Sandmo, 2010). A lot of economists moved their interest from cost perspective to equilibrium perspective when analyzing the price formation mechanism. In this framework the price of a commodity is decided by the equilibrium of demand and supply. Demand of a product reflects the utility of a certain product to some consumers, while supply reflects the cost of producing this product. If supply superiors demand, then price will go down. The result is a lower supply and more demand, which may lead to equilibrium between supply and demand. If demand superiors supply, then price will go up, which results in more supply and less demand. Equilibrium between supply and demand is also possibly to be realized (Man kiw, 2004). The price at the equilibrium is the equilibrium price. This price theory is widely accepted and applied to explain different kinds of price fluctuations. The neoclassic equilibrium theory of price is mainly static, which is hard to explain some modern price formation process, for example financial asset pricing. As the development of productivity, mainly the development of financial techniques, some new price theory taking time and future into account is necessary. Therefore a new class of theory, the core of which is the calculation of present value, has been developed to meet this demand. The theory argues that the value of an asset is decided by the future cash flow that this asset is able to bring (Jones, 2006; Thomas and Ward, 2009). And this theory has been applied widely to the pricing of financial or other kinds of asset. Because the entering benchmark of budget hotels is very low, the supply of budget hotel is mainly decided by demand. And this problem is not a dynamic pricing issue. Therefore, the neoclassical price theory is the best to be used to explain the shortage of budget hotels. 3.2 Determinants of tourism demand Because the supply of budget hotel is mainly decided by demand, we need to know more about determinants of tourism demand and know how to forecast the demand. It has been widely recognized that accurate forecasts of tourism demand is pretty helpful for managerial decision making. Archer (1987) argues that in the tourism industry the need to forecast accurately is especially acute because of the perishable nature of the product. Unfilled airline seats and unused hotel rooms cannot be stockpiled. Some scholars, such as Edwards (1985), publish some predictions for certain countries. There are also some organizations in the tourism industry that publish confidential predictions on tourism demand. There are a lot of review articles on tourism demand up to now, including Crouch (1994),Witt and Witt (1995), Lim (1999), Li et al. (2005), and Li and Song (2008). According to the reviews, the methods applicable to analyzing the influence of the determinants of tourism demand are relatively lim ited. Multiple regression method is the main methodology in this analysis (Witt and Witt, 1995). Tourist visits may happen for several reasons, including holidays, business travel, visiting friends or something else. The majority of existing studies of tourism demand analyze either total tourist trips or just holiday travel, with only a few concerning on business travel. In the empirical literature, tourism demand is generally measured by the number of tourist visits from an origin country to a foreign destination country (for example, Turner Witt, 2001; Kulendran Wong, 2005; Coshall, 2005; Rossello, 2001). An alternative measure is the tourist nights spent in the destination country. The third measurement is the expenditure of tourists in the destination country (such as Li, Song, Witt, 2004, 2006; Li, Wong, Song, Witt, 2006). But up to now there has not been a best method for tourism demand analysis (Li and Song, 2008). With regard to the researched countries, USA, UK, and France are the most popular researched countries while the research on Malaysia is very limited. The quantitative literature on tourism demand can be divided into two classes, including non-causal time-series models and the causal econometric methods, the difference between which is whether the model identifies any causal relationship between the tourism demand and its influencing variables (Li and Song, 2008). The causal econometric methods are useful for the present study. In the review of Li and Song (2008), there are 121 empirical papers on tourism demand in total. Among those literature, 72 used the time-series techniques to model the demand for tourism, while the others employ econometric techniques analyzing the causal relationship between tourism demands and explaining factors. 3.3 Externalities of hospitality industry One major hypothesis of this paper is that the shortage of budget hotels in Malaysia is due to the reason that the externalities of budget hotel have not been well internalized. An externality is a cost or benefit that is not transmitted through prices or is incurred by a party who was not involved as either a buyer or seller of the goods or services causing the cost or benefit (Bishop, 2012). We can understand externality as a consequence of an economic activity that is experienced by unrelated third parties. We can classify externalities into two categories including positive externalities and negative externalities. An example of the negative externality is pollution. A negative externality happens when an individual or firm does not need to pay the full cost of its production. If a good or service has a negative externality, it implies that the cost to society is larger than the cost paid by consumers. Because consumers make consumption decisions according to their own conditions , meaning they try to make their marginal cost equal to their marginal benefit, without considering the cost of the negative externality, negative externalities will cause market inefficiencies where too many goods or too much service are produced. A positive externality occurs under the situation that an individual/firm makes a decision without receiving the full benefit of production. The benefit to the individual/ firm is less than the total benefit to the society. Therefore when a positive externality exists in a market, the private marginal benefit curve is less than the societys marginal benefit curve. With positive externalities, the production and consumption are less than the optimal production to the society (Mankiw, 2011). There has been a lot of literature discussing the impacts of externalities on different industries or economic activities. For example, Katz and Shapiro (1985) provide an analysis on the influence of externalities on the competition in several important markets. They find that if there are externalities, then consumers expectations can influence the structure of the market equilibrium in their model. Azariadis and Drazen (1990) find that externalities can influence the accumulation of human capital. Henderson (1997) employs panel data for five capital goods industries and estimates dynamic externalities. He concludes that externalities pose significant influence on capital goods industries. Warziniack et al. (2009) develop a general equilibrium model measuring welfare effects of taxes for correcting environmental externalities and evaluate the impacts of externalities arising through exports. They find that externalities from exports are resulted in a number of sources. They argue th at taxes on the sector imposing the environmental externality often presents more negative effects than positive effects. There are many other literature studying the influence of externalities on other aspects of an economy, such as Devereux et al. (2007), Acharya and Volpin (2010) and Foster (2012). But there have been few papers on the externalities of hospitality industry on the development of the whole tourism industry. Most of the researches on externalities in tourism industry are related to city planning, location setting or taxes. For example, Chang et al. (2011) analyze the congestion externalities caused by tourism expansion and the wealth effect generated by the revenues from overseas tourism taxation. Schubert (2010) studies optimal taxation (subvention) when tourism is associated with multiple externalities. Chao et al. (2004) examine the welfare effect of tourism on the host economy. They identify three channels influencing domestic welfare by tourism, the most important one of which is the social externality accompanied with tourists. Calveras and Vera-Hernà ¡ndez (2005) place great emphasis on the presence of quality externalities among hotel establishments when they explore the role played by the tour operator in quality investments. These existing researches are helpful for my analysis of the externality effect of hospitality effects on the whole tourism industry and the welfare of lo cal residents in Malaysia. 4. Theoretical Framework 4.1 Classical Price Theory and Hotel Price Pricing is an art. How to set the price of a good at the best level and achieve the most profits is a hard challenge for any manager in any business field including the hospitality industry. According to the classical price theory of Economics, price is related to two aspects of goods and services: supply and demand. Price has a positive relationship with the supply of goods and services. The reason is that profits would be thick if price if high. As a result of the thick profit, more and more firms will enter this industry and supply more goods and services. At the same time, price has a negative supply with demand of goods and services, because a high price means a high cost of consuming the goods or service for the consumers. The positive relationship between price and supply and the negative relationship between price and demand implies that an equilibrium market state will finally be realized. Market equilibrium means that supply and demand of goods and services are equal to eac h other. The price at the equilibrium state is named equilibrium price. When price is higher than the equilibrium price, it means that demand is larger than supply. At this time, firms will provide more goods or services and price will go down. Similarly, when price is lower than equilibrium price, supply is larger than demand. Then firms will supply less because of the low profits, as a result of which price will go up. This theory fits the normal goods market the best, while remains limited exploratory power for luxury goods market and some other markets. Since hotel is a normal goods instead of luxury goods, the classical price theory in Economics is useful in the studying the price of budget hotel. In this paper one our main objectives is to analyze the influence of hotel pricing on the whole tourism industry. In order to answer this question we mainly analyze from the demand perspective, which means that hotel price influences the demand of hotels and the demand of tourism. The reason is that accommodation fee is the majority of tourism expenditure for most of the tourists. If hotel price is too high, fewer tourists will come and the demand for hotels becomes lower. And there is a second perspective that hotel price also influences the welfare of local residents. If the hotel price is set to be very low, then the profits of the hotel and the wage of local workers must be low, which implies that the welfare of local residents is low. As a result, there must be a best choice of price which is able to maximizing the welfare of local residents, and a best price that maximizes the profits of hotels. Price Quantity Supply Curve Demand Curve Figure 4.1 Classical Price Theory 4.2 Externalities of Hotel Price and Cooperation between Industries But there is a difference between the best price for local residents and the best price for hotels. The best price for hotels should be the one that is able to maximize the profits of hotels. This price is not necessarily the price maximizing the welfare of local residents. The price maximizing the welfare of local residents is the one that maximizing the gross income instead of profits of hotels. The difference between hotels best price and local residents best price exists because of the externalities of hotels. An externality (or transaction spillover) is a cost or benefit that is not transmitted through prices or is incurred by a party who was not involved as either a buyer or seller of the goods or services causing the cost or benefit. The externalities of hotels can be understood as the influence of hotel price on other sectors or industries. For example, if the hotel price decreases, then more tourists will come to Malaysia for sightseeing because of the cost becomes lower. More tourists imply more demand for local restaurants, entertainment industries and some other sectors. Similarly, if hotel price increases, fewer tourists will choose to spend their holiday in Malaysia and the local restaurants and entertainment or other industries would benefit less from tourism. Price Quantity Supply of Hotel Demand of Hotel Demand of Tourism Figure 4.2 Externalities of Hotel Price The logic of externality indicates that if the hotels and other sectors could cooperate well, the whole tourism industry would benefit more from the increase of tourists. Imagine that if the hotel price is set to be lower than the present level, which will attract more tourists and those more tourists may bring more spending on local goods and services. Those incurred spending may compensate the loss of hotel revenue. It means that the total benefits of local tourism increases although at the cost of hotel revenue decrease. A good cooperation between the hotel industry and other industries means that other industries are able to transmit part of the incurred revenue to hotel industry and share the increased revenue with hotel industry. There are some examples illustrating this good cooperation in tourism industry. In some states of Malaysia, the scenic spots are free and tourists do not need to pay gate tickets. The loss of tickets income leads to higher income of ot

The Philosophy of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

The Philosophy of Gilles Deleuze and FÃ ©lix Guattari ABSTRACT: In academic philosophy the writings of Gilles Deleuze and FÃ ©lix Guattari are still treated as curiosities and their importance for philosophical discussions is not recognized. In order to remedy this, I demonstrate how the very concept of philosophy expounded by the two contributes to philosophical thinking at the end of the twentieth century while also providing a possible line of thought for the next millenium. To do this, I first emphasize the influence of Deleuze's thinking, while also indicating the impact Guattari had on him. This account will therefore show Deleuze's attempts before Guattari to concieve of a non-dialectic philosophy of becoming. I will turn to rethink this approach given the influence of Guattari and his anti-psychoanalytic analysis of territorial processes. The result is a conception of philosophical activity as an act of 'becoming minor'.(1) 1. Introduction In the following I would like to talk about a topic that has been treated very little in academic philosophy. The works of GILLES DELEUZE - and not to forget his co-author, FÉLIX GUATTARI - are still treated as 'curiosities' and their importance for philosophical discussions is not recognized. (2) In opposition to this, I will show what the very concept of philosophy means to these two thinkers. In doing this I will start with the more theoretical backround. As many others have already I will stress the decisive influence of DELEUZE'S thinking, but I will also try to indicate the impact GUATTARI had on him. This account will therefore show DELEUZE'S attempts - before GUATTARI - to concieve of a non-dialectic philosophy of becoming. After that I will turn to the rethinking of such an approach given the influence of GUATTARI and his anti-psychoanalytic analysis of territorial processes. The outcome will be the resulting conception of the philosophical activity as an act of 'becoming-minor'. 2. GILLES DELEUZE Philosophy of Difference - Against Dialectics GILLES DELEUZE'S early philosophy is dominated by the project of attaining a kind of philosophy that can be characterized best by naming its very enemy: dialectics. Whether as a 'school' of philosophy (including the leading figures in France, KOJÈVE and SARTRE) or as an ontological approach to the world itself, which implies - no matter if in the Hegelian or Platonic version - a fundamental dualism. (In PLATO the difference between the sensual and intellectual world, in HEGEL'S dialectics the 'sublation' [Aufhebung] of real differences in the world through the synthesizing faculty of the mind qua negation).

Explain Arisotles Virtue Ethics

Dominance is a state of action as opposed to inaction and an individual must work hard in order to achieve it. To reach Dominance you must reason and be a thinker as this is unique to humans, it is the final cause for humanity as it is the most fulfilling position to be in. Reaching such a superior end goal requires hard work and effort: â€Å"man is a political and social animal† – the greatest good for a person is for them to actively participate in the politics of society and to interact with other humans, morality can only arise once these activities have been performed.A riotous life is an ongoing task and can only be achieved through practice and education. â€Å"Dominance is an end in itself' and is merely pursued for its own virtues rather than as a means to an end. A virtue, for Aristotle, is a trait that contributes to a person functioning well as a human being such as bravery and generosity. A virtue is not doing one action on one given occasion such as givi ng to charity once and then never again, it is not ‘feeling virtuous as you are not brave if you feel brave and do not act upon it and it is also not a natural inclination as someone who has been born that way has not worked to become virtuous.Aristotle concludes that a virtue is a learned nature/tendency to reason and act in a certain way. We are each responsible for the choices that we make based on personal vice and virtue, how virtuous a person may be is entirely dependent on how they will intend to act in any given situation. The doctrine of the mean/the golden mean is a central concept in Aristotle virtue ethics. According to the doctrine of the mean, a virtue is a mean state between two extremes: one of excess and one of deficiency.To be virtuous, one virtue must connect with another. Virtues will only fully develop in a minority of people and the doctrine of the mean can be used to guide you; however you must be educated to use this. And so, an element of elitism can b e seen here. For example: it is good to be courageous, however you can have too much or, even, too little courage. Aristotle did not explicitly declare what the midpoint was, and so it is clearly not of numerical value and so it must be more about acting at the right time.Although virtue ethics does not give you a clear answer to an ethical dilemma, it allows each individual to respond to each different situation they face. Aristotle believed that there were 4 different groups of people. There are vicious people who are those that do not attempt to be virtuous. There are incontinent people who face moral conflict but usually choose a vice. Continent people do the virtuous thing most of the time but still have to overcome a moral dilemma, and virtuous people enjoy doing good actions, and so they face no moral dilemmas in life.Choices are important as every human has an aim in life. Such aims are then split into either superior or subordinate aims and, according to Aristotle; the supe rior aim of an individual is Dominance as this is the final purpose of a human. In society, some people re hedonists and seek pleasure, some serve the community and seek honor (politicians) and some are philosophers and live in a state of contemplation. Aristotle believes philosophers to be the best as they possess the ability to exercise key intellectual virtues which allow them to steer themselves towards Dominance.Virtues are either moral or intellectual in which there are 5 intellectual virtues according to Aristotle: prudence/practical wisdom, intuitive intelligence, wisdom, scientific knowledge and craft/art. Of the 5 virtues, Aristotle considers practical wisdom to be the most important in Virtue Ethics as it imply describes moral behavior, and does not require people to do something different to what they already do.You may do a string of good actions, but unless you know the direction you are to go then you may end up on the wrong path. Since people act differently in every situation there are no inherently bad actions. Anyone who is virtuous should, theoretically, always make the correct decision. Aristotle Virtue Ethics is person rather than action based; it looks at the moral character of the person carrying out an action. Good character traits must be cultivated and developed in order for people to truly achieve Dominance.

Plan Your Entire Marketing Strategy With Marketing Projects [Live Demo] - CoSchedule Blog

Plan Your Entire Marketing Strategy With Marketing Projects [Live Demo] Blog Managing multiple marketing campaigns all at once, especially with a dozen moving pieces is tough. Juggling tasks, looming headlines, making sure your team is staying on task, and when you repeat this seemingly never-ending cycle repeatedly it can get kind of tiring. With Marketing Projects, you can help fight this frustration by organizing your marketing campaign all  in one place. Watch This:  Plan Your Entire #MarketingStrategy with Marketing Projects In Get your entire marketing campaign organized in one place, so you can move projects forward (not tirelessly track them down)! Consolidate everything into a single marketing project, so you can focus on executing on those pieces, NOT continuously tracking them down. Maximize your team’s resources from one centralized location. Ramp up on projects faster with all your moving pieces in one project, accurately gauge timelines, and know who’s working on what –– at any given moment. Proactively plan your ENTIRE roadmap. Get a visual timeline of every project on the calendar, so you can effectively plan out days, weeks, and months in advance (without overbooking your team). Monitor your team’s progress + make adjustments faster. Quickly view your teams overall progress and make adjustments faster, so you never miss a deadline. Plan Your Entire Marketing Strategy With Marketing Projects [Live Demo] Blog Managing multiple marketing campaigns all at once, especially with a dozen moving pieces is tough. Juggling tasks, looming headlines, making sure your team is staying on task, and when you repeat this seemingly never-ending cycle repeatedly it can get kind of tiring. With Marketing Projects, you can help fight this frustration by organizing your marketing campaign all  in one place. Watch This:  Plan Your Entire #MarketingStrategy with Marketing Projects In Get your entire marketing campaign organized in one place, so you can move projects forward (not tirelessly track them down)! Consolidate everything into a single marketing project, so you can focus on executing on those pieces, NOT continuously tracking them down. Maximize your team’s resources from one centralized location. Ramp up on projects faster with all your moving pieces in one project, accurately gauge timelines, and know who’s working on what –– at any given moment. Proactively plan your ENTIRE roadmap. Get a visual timeline of every project on the calendar, so you can effectively plan out days, weeks, and months in advance (without overbooking your team). Monitor your team’s progress + make adjustments faster. Quickly view your teams overall progress and make adjustments faster, so you never miss a deadline.

effects of govt. on poland essays

effects of govt. on poland essays The government, whether we think about it or not, plays a very significant role in all of our lives regardless of our ethnic background. Though there are many differing forms of government, they affect our lives in the same way. Changes in how the government works slowly begin to effect how we carry out our daily actions and over time an entire culture can be changed. For this reason, I chose to take a critical look at how the change of government in Poland from Communism to Democracy affected their culture. In order to do this, I had to examine communism and its creators. I had to find out what happened to cause communism to take power in Poland and why it eventually crumbled. First, I looked at what communism was all about. Communism began in the early 19th century in response to the problematic beginnings of modern capitalism (Bottomore 11). At that time communism was the basis for many political settlements, most of which eventually failed. The concept itself was created by Karl Marx and Fredrich Engels, the concept, though, proved only to be effective in theory. Karl Marx was born on May 5, 1818, in a place called Trier, in Prussia. His parents were of Jewish descent, however they did not practice Judaism (Payne 17). In 1824, Karl's father adopted Protestantism. Marx attended the university of Bonn and later the university at Berlin, where he studied in law, while majoring in history and philosophy. Marx eventually married his childhood friend Jenny von Westphalen, in 1843 (Payne 27). After his education, Marx began to associate himself with a group of people who were known for having revolutionary ideas. In 1842 Marx was asked to contribute to the Rheinische Zeitung, a German paper, in Colog ne (Payne 83). At the time Marx started, the paper had only 400 subscribers. Shortly after Marx became editor-in-chief and decided to move from Bonn to Cologne. As the paper became more and more revolutionary and widely...

Negotiation Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Negotiation Process - Essay Example According to the report the marked price on most items not always its fixed price. Therefore, he was ready to negotiate with the seller so that they could reduce the price. Moreover, the author knew that there would be a certain price that the seller would not go below if the item has to remain profitable. He also understood that for the negotiation process to be successful he had to be flexible, and he had to communicate effectively so that at the end the price agreed would be a win-win situation.From this discussion it is clear that  upon entering the shop, the author was welcomed by the young white lady. She looked jovial, and she directed him to the counter selling PlayStation. The person in charge was a Chinese old man who looked very serious. He had a Chinese accent and struggled to speak English fluently. However, he was willing to explain the functionality of the PlayStation and the available different types. Due to his poor English, he did not understand all that he said. The author immediately asked for the price. He stated the price and they began negotiation. Due to his serious nature, he was not really interested in negotiating. His attitude put me off, and the author called the young white lady. She explained to me again, and he even realized that the PlayStation they were negotiating on was not exactly what he wanted. She showed him another machine, and they began discussing the price. She was very flexible and convincing. She maintained her positive attitude.  

How to reduce the incidence of lower extermity amputations in diabetes Literature review

How to reduce the incidence of lower extermity amputations in diabetes with Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy - Literature review Example This study looks into hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), a popular treatment method for decompression sickness. It utilizes a special sealed chamber which is pressurized up to three times the normal atmospheric. Inside the chamber the patient can breathe pure oxygen, hence effectively increasing the amount of oxygen in the blood. Over the years, HBOT has been used to treat various illnesses including gas embolism, gas gangrene, skin grafts, bone infections and many others. While HBOT has been used to treat many conditions, there is still conflicting evidence as to its effectiveness in treating infections of the skin and tissues. In a research by Meryl Brod it was mentioned, â€Å"Lower extremity ulcers are among the most common and costly complications of diabetes. They are a leading cause of amputation and account for more hospital days than other diabetic complications†. Aside from its economic cost, diabetic ulcers has a negative impact on a person’s quality of life; thereby making treatment for lower extremity ulcers a priority for many health care practitioners. Having said this, it is now important to qualify that this critical appraisal isn’t really about preventing amputations among diabetic patients, but rather, finding an effective treatment to cure foot ulcers. The researcher searched two databases, PubMed and Google Scholar. The search terms used were hyperbaric oxygen therapy, curing diabetic ulcers, preventing diabetic amputations, hyperbaric oxygen therapy and diabetes, and effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen in curing diabetic wounds. Thousands of resources were returned so several criteria for inclusion was created. Resources were accepted or rejected based on the following criteria: (1) the study cover the treatment for diabetes wounds and ulcers (2) the study must not be older than 1995; (3) the study must be in English; (4) the study must involve human subjects. Accepted resources were subjected to an ancestry search of th eir references to discover new resources which can be used to address the clinical question. Ten (10) studies were then included at the end of this search. The resources are intentionally international in scope in order to determine what factors may affect the efficacy of HBOT in treating lower extremity wounds and ulcers. Method for Appraising Articles For the purpose of this study, methodology for rapid critical appraisal (RCA) will be utilized. Through the RCA, this critical appraisal paper will review each study in order to determine (1) its level of evidence, (2) how well it was conducted, and (3) how useful it is to practice (Fineout-Overholt et al. 2010).

Do you agree that students should learn English in the USA Essay

Do you agree that students should learn English in the USA - Essay Example a good move especially for those who are aiming to enter employment that require a lot of communication and whose goal is to reach partners, investors and customers on a global scale. Although there are those who claim that it is not necessary for students to learn English in countries such as America because they can learn the language in their own home countries. There may be some weight to such arguments but one should also consider that the main goal of students is to have a keen ability to understand and express themselves using the English language. Therefore, moving to an English-speaking country will be of great help when it comes to assimilation. For instance, a Chinese student who has very little ability in communicating in English, will find it difficult to learn when he is regularly speaking in Mandarin. However, when the student moves to America, he will be forced to speak, read and write in English for him to be able to survive. Such need to communicate well now becomes a necessity for survival. In other words, speaking in English becomes a part of the student’s everyday life, making his learning

A computerized system enhanced our life style Essay Example for Free

A computerized system enhanced our life style Essay With the beginning of the modernization in education, one way to globalize the process of research is to realize that technology is advancing at an increasing fast pace. At the present time, IT is making extremely demand in our society. It is a very useful material to help us in our job like minimizing our time in doing our works. It brings us a quick result in a short period of time. These computer technologies usually use now a day in different aspects because it helps them a lot in terms of their services. It usually helped them in monitoring. Since computers are used in every possible field today, it becomes an important issue to understand and build these computerized systems in an effective way. The goal is to work smarter, get real value from efforts, increase efficiency, and save time. In this new generation, technology is the most important advancement, a necessity in bringing about progress as we move along in this computerized world. The relationship between the library and computer is constantly changing that the use of computer contributes to the way man learns and communicates. A library is a collection of books, resources, and services, and the structure in which it is housed; it is organized for use and maintained by a public body, an institution, or a private individual. Librarians have the responsibility to manage and to know about the ways and means in using methods or techniques for effective use of the library. And by providing this library systems librarians can manage her time and effort easier. Library is no different from any firm and institution or even organizations, if considering the use of computer to perform a given task will be efficient. The main purpose of library is to provide conductive learning tool and place for the student and other client in order to attain good and high quality education. And so, the aim of this study is to offer solution to the problem regarding library circulation, procedures and management, and to provide a user-friendly system to their ease and comfort. The proposed system basically responses to the needs of the librarians and students body and to improve the current library process. Especially in the circulation of borrowing, returning, inventory of books at the end of the day, including the logging in and outs in the internet side of the library. OBJECTIVES * To proposed a systemized way of keeping and filling of the entire book’s information in the library of CSU-Carig. * To improve and further develop the library materials and files in an organized manner. * To encourage the students and others, to use library materials and services for recreation by the help of the system. * To properly provide for the information needs of the students and other library users. * To facilitate properly the cycle of borrowing, finding, and using of books. * To help the librarian ease his or her works and in a lesser time. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM General: The difficulty in keeping, maintaining, managing different procedures in the library, which eventually leads to a series of books and data loses misplacement and jumbled files. Specific: * How to provide a system to solve library transaction. * Librarian spends a hard time sorting files in the library. * Librarian finds difficulty in finding the desired files needed. * The students also found out that the library books and other reading materials are not kept in a desired place.( not well arranged) * How can files and records be available at desired time and date? * What are the outputs needed for the system in order for the librarian to easily access data if needed? * What are the inputs needed in the system in order for the students or staffs or visitors to be able to log in or log out when entering or borrowing books. * What are the information and data needed to put up a computerized library system? SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The proposed library system improves productivity and it will help for a faster and easier processing, updating and accessing data around the library circulation. Sufficient information is also provided easily if needed. * Significance for the Librarian The effort and time of the librarian in sorting and arranging the files will be reduced, and maximizes his or her awareness of the unnecessary action of the library users. Needed report and files are easily updated by the use of the system. Less paper woks. * Significance for Students, Staffs and other Library Users The proposed library system could help student for an easier and faster finding of books. System also provides an availability of a longer time of reading because of the overnight book scheduling. No limitations of reading books, just because of the forgotten library cards. The proposed library system is reliable, well-organized and can access data within a desired period of time. It can handle a large amount of data and information. And they can use it as a basic in developing useful systems. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION This offered system contains activities of the library system of CSU-CARIG, where collecting of data were done, processed and modified to have better analysis and output based on the objectives and possible solutions for the said problems of the study. The system limits on the following transactions: * Borrowing Page * Returning Page * Book Information Page (availability) * Book Account Page * Overnight Page * Internet page (log in and log out) The current library system of CSU requires more work and time in processing files, books, and user’s data, therefore, if the system is being carry out, the process will surely became faster, well-organized, reliable, and easy to use and access by the library facilitators and users. Softwares to be use: Visual Basic and MySQL DEFENITION OF TERMS * Computerized library system- a system that carries, control and calculate the library information by means of computers. * System- a set of construction/arrangement of things proportional to each other that work together to perform a task. * Process- a sequence of steps undertaken by a program. * Data- raw material that will be processed. * Information- processed data. * Globalize- the development of an increasingly integrated global economy. * Database-a systematically arranged collection of computer data and structured so that it can be automatically retrieved or manipulated. * Library-a collection of useful material for common use, is the warehouse of the information and knowledge.