Martin Luther King Essays (476 words) - Anglican Saints,

Martin Luther King Brainard 1Craig BrainardMrs. RobinsonJunior Honors English8 January 1998Martin Luther King, Jr. Essay On August 28, 1963, Martin Luther King Junior stepped up to the podium in Washington D. C. to deliver one of the most famous and influential speeches of our time. The crowd of over 200,000 listened to his I Have a Dream speech, in which King attempted to convince people to live together in peace and understanding of one another. This was one of his many successful non-violent demonstrations. Born in Atlanta, Georgia, on January 15, 1929, Martin Luther King Junior had always been close to discrimination. At an early age, he, like many other black children, was told to no longer play with his white friends. He was called a nigger on numerous occasions. Despite these racial handicaps, King was admitted to Morehouse College at age fifteen, without completing high school. He graduated from Morehouse in 1948 and, in 1955, received a Ph.D. in theology from Boston University. As a preacher, he tried to convey the message of peaceful resistance to social injustices. While working toward his Ph.D. in Boston, he met his future wife, Coretta Scott. They had four children; two sons and two daughters. Martin Luther III, Dexter Scott, Yolanda Denise, and Bernice Albertine were the fruits of their passion. King's dream was of a desegregated south. He studied the ways of his Indian counterpart, Gandhi, who also fought social injustices without throwing a punch or firing a shot. King was jailed several times, as was Gandhi, in his search for social equality. After a brief stint in prison, King became the youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. He also lead a march on Washington D. C. where he delivered his most famous speech, I Have a Dream. Some of the words of this speech follow.When we allow freedom's ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day, when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands, and sing in the words of the old Negro Spiritual: Free at last, free at last. Thank God almighty, we are free at last! Early in 1968, King traveled to Memphis, Tennessee to support a strike by poorly paid sanitation workers. There, on April fourth, he was assassinated by James Earl Ray. Ironically, his death prompted many violent riots from blacks in many southern cities. He was buried in his hometown of Atlanta, Georgia. Martin Luther King's message was a simple one: Problems can be solved without the use of violence. His message should not be forgotten, nor should it be shunned. This January fifteenth, do something positive for yourself or your community. English Essays

Lord of the Flies compared to Famous Philosophers essays

Lord of the Flies compared to Famous Philosophers essays Lord of the Flies compared to Famous Philosophers A plane full of military boys crashes into the ocean. The boys struggle for safety and are soon stranded on a deserted island. They elect a leader and all is well until controversy arises. The group splits and two types of governments are formed. Many things about Lord of the Flies can be compared to several different philosophers throughout history. Aristotle, a Greek philosopher born in 384 BC, believed that slavery is a piece of life property and it is a natural institution. In Lord of the Flies, Jack treated the people on his side like they were slaves. Jack even whipped one little boy for doing something wrong. Ralph said to the twins, who had joined Jacks side, Youve got to stand up to him, or youll just be another one of his slaves. Nicolo Machiavelli, a 15th century Italian philosopher, focused on a monarch government and believed in a dictatorship. When Jack separated from Ralph, he went on to create a dictatorship. He was the leader and people had to follow him. Before too long, he didnt hardly have to do any work, because of all the people that he had corrupted into doing all the work for him. Thomas Hobbs was a 16th century man from England. In his book, Leviathan, he wrote that man is selfish and will battle for power. In one scene Jack had the twins say, The chief has spoken to convey that he has the pow er and he is the boss. John Locke, a 17th century British Philosopher, believed in protecting the rights of people, just like Ralph wanted to do with Piggys glasses and the safety knife that were both eventually taken. Also, he felt that everyone had the right to speak their mind. Ralph and the other boys came from a military school, where they probably couldnt speak there mind like they would have liked, so giving the boys the right to speak whenever they held the conch shell, gav...

Review of the Film Immortal Beloved Movie Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Of the Film Immortal Beloved - Movie Review Example The film â€Å"Immortal Beloved† was released in 1994 and dealt with the life and loves of the famous composer Ludwig van Beethoven. It is both a beautiful tribute to the genius of a man who gave to the world such great masterpieces as the Ninth Symphony (made while completely deaf) and an attempt to throw new light into a mystery that has perplexed and fascinated many Beethoven scholars and researchers. In particular, it concerns the mystery behind the true identity of the â€Å"Unsterbliche Gelliebte† or the Immortal Beloved. Three letters that were found in the private files of the renowned singer were addressed to this Immortal Beloved. The movie begins upon the death of Beethoven and his assistant is faced with the task of carrying out the instructions in the Last Will and Testament. He chances upon one of the letters addressed to an â€Å"Immortal Beloved† and wonders who this might be. The movie then shows a series of flashbacks from the famous musicianâ⠂¬â„¢s past and comes to the conclusion, after showing Schindler interviewing several people, that Beethoven’s Immortal Beloved is none other than Johanna Reiss, the daughter of a prosperous Viennese upholsterer named Anton van Reiss. In the film, she had become pregnant out of wedlock with Beethoven’s child, but because of a series of unfortunate events, she did not marry him, but rather she married his brother Kaspar. The movie, however, cannot be considered a faithful depiction of the life of Beethoven. It is a work of fiction and should be taken as such. There are several things about it that were true, such as the fact that Schindler was indeed a secretary and a close confidante, that he had gotten into a legal battle with his sister-in-law Johanna (the one who the film suggests is the Immortal Beloved) and there is indeed the love letter which was found in the possession of Beethoven after his death. Most importantly, it showed the intensity of the man and his mu sic, and the raging emotions that this music depicted. â€Å"It is the power of music to carry one into the mental state of the composer,† is a powerful line in the movie, delivered by Beethoven, as magnificently played by Gary Oldman. Maynard Solomon, a Beethoven biographer and scholar, had called the love letter the only â€Å"unalloyed love letter of [Beethoven's] bachelor existence—an uncontrolled outburst of passionate feeling, exalted in tone, confused in thought, and ridden with conflicting emotions" (Beethoven, p. 159). However, and this is an important historical inaccuracy, it cannot be true that the recipient of that letter wherein he referred to the unidentified woman as   "mein Engel, mein alles, mein Ich . . . meine unsterbliche Geliebte" (which translates as "my angel, my all, my I . . . my immortal beloved") According to Maynard Solomon, the woman being referred to in the letter is not Johanna Reiss Beethoven, but rather, it is a married woman by the name of Antonie Brentano. Her husband and sister-in-law are friends of Beethoven, with the latter even introducing the composer to the famous German poet Goethe. Through fine investigation skills and deft use of dates, Solomon had managed to place Brentano in Prague from July 1 to July 4, 1812, when Beethoven says he saw her. Brentano also went ahead to Karlsbad, a small spa town, where she and Beethoven had planned to meet later that summer. Beethoven had also dedicated the op. 109 piano sonata, the magisterial  Diabelli Variations, and the English edition of the op. 111 piano sonata to Brentano and her daughter Maximiliane. Maynard Solomon suggests that Brentano, who was a great fan of the music of Ludwig Beethoven, had also fallen in love with him and their relationship, even though short-lived because Beethoven could not see any long-term prospects in carrying on a relationship with a married woman, was a serious one. Fanny Giannatasio, who Beethoven had met at a later time, had bewailed the fact that he was still in love with another woman and Solomon concludes that it was

Adolescent alcohol misuse in England and the role of media advertising Essay - 1

Adolescent alcohol misuse in England and the role of media advertising - Essay Example This "Adolescent alcohol misuse in England and the role of media advertising" essay outlines the connection between portrays of the alcohol in advertisement and the level of alcohol drinking among adults and youngsters). In England, a good portion of children have experienced drinking alcohol even before they reach the age of majority (18 years) and are also likely to have been drunk once in the last 4 weeks prior to the survey (Institute of Alcohol Studies, 2013). Some have even admitted to consumption of alcohol to harmful levels by 15 years of age. Surveys also indicate that alcohol has a significant role to play in the commission of crimes among young people aged 18 years or below (Institute of Alcohol Studies, 2013). Media advertising plays a huge role in alcohol misuse among adolescents. The International Centre for Alcohol Policy (ICAP) indicated with the World Health Organization that there is strong evidence linking advertising and drinking patterns among adolescents. The ICAP mentions that â€Å"young people are inevitably exposed to beverage alcohol advertising as they are to advertising for any consumer product†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Thomsen and Rekve (2006) discuss how the increased awareness of alcohol messages for young adults and adolescents can sometimes cause earlier age to start drinking, higher levels of consumption, and increase risks or recklessness. . The study further indicated that without alcohol advertising, monthly levels of youth alcohol use would be reduced by as much as 24%.

MARKETING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

MARKETING - Essay Example ith only Apple products and hence the sales people are equipped with knowledge about the company products and this brings about customer satisfaction. In order to retain its customers, Apple continues to design and unveil new products like computer, iPods and iPhones among others (Schneiders, 14). Branding has to do with having desirable products, ideas, manifestos among other things and not solely about the name or logo of the company. Apple has adopted the emotion branding where it aims to connect with the emotions of the customers which emphasizes that their products are not just for physical but also emotional gratification. It has succeeded in this through having Apple Brand Personality where customers express their imagination, aspirations and dreams when using Apple products (Schneiders, 33). This explores issues of pricing, architecture, consistency among other issues that the company holds of value. In Apple, their value strategies mainly revolve around the monolithic architecture of all their products in such a way that they are recognizable by anyone. They have also ensured consistency of the products they make and especially the computer quality and technological desirability. Compared to other companies that are competitors of Apple, this company’s product prices are fair and match the quality of their products (Schneiders,

Budget Hotels In Malaysia

Budget Hotels In Malaysia Abstract: The contribution of tourism sector to the economic development is pretty significant in Malaysia. And budget hotels play important role in tourism industry. Budget hotel is defined as a small hotel that is financed by one individual or a small group of individuals, and it is mangers are the same time its owner. Generally the characteristics of those budget hotels are that the managers do not operate through a formalized management structure. At present budget hotels are relatively few in Malaysia. This study tries to find the reason why there are so few budget hotels in Malaysia. We find that the shortage of budget hotels in Malaysia is due to the reason that positive externalities of budget hotels have not been effectively internalized. Externalities of budget hotels means that the development of budget hotels will attract more tourists and those tourists will bring more value to other sectors. When a positive externality exists in a market, the private marginal benefit cu rve is less than the societys marginal benefit curve. With positive externalities, the production and consumption are less than the optimal production to the society. Because the positive externalities of budget hotels have not been effectively internalized, the stimulation for budget hotel owners to supply more budget hotel services is not high enough. Through secondary research, we find that the hotel industry has important influence on the whole tourism industry and the externalities of hotel industry also have significant impacts on the tourism industry. This results means that there is possibility that the budget hotel or other hotels cooperates with firms from other industries and produce more value for customers and for themselves. Furthermore we discuss the needs and wants of budget hotel customers based on Maslows theory of human needs, which he named the Hierarchy of Needs. We classify the needs of budget hotel customers into three levels. The first level is safety, the se cond level is necessary facilities and the third level is the pursuit of happiness. Then we discuss how budget hotels should perform according to the three levels of needs. At last we discuss how a budget hotel is able to control its service quality so as to attract customers and establish customer loyalty. We argue that one characteristic of hotel industry is that the monitoring cost is very high and many behaviors of the servants cannot be easily observed. It indicates that stimulation may be much more important than penalty. Under such a situation, the sense of responsibility is of great importance in the hospitality industry. We argue that the sense of responsibility may arise from good communication between employees. Keywords: Budget Hotel; Externality; Tourism Industry; Cooperation Contents 2 1. Introduction 3 2. Objectives of this paper: 5 3. Literature Review 6 3.1 Price Theory 6 3.2 Determinants of tourism demand 8 3.3 Externalities of hospitality industry 9 4. Theoretical Framework 10 4.1 Classical Price Theory and Hotel Price 10 4.2 Externalities of Hotel Price and Cooperation between Industries 11 5. Research Methodology 13 1. Introduction Tourism is important for the economic development of many countries including Malaysia. The contribution of this sector to the economic development of Malaysia was 37% of GDP in 1970, and increased to 43% in 1980, 47% in 1990 and 53% in 2007 (Abdullah et al. 2011). In addition, the growth rate of this sector has been pretty rapid. The average annual growth rate was 9% during the 1970s, close to 7% in the 1980s, and 8.5% during the most recently. Figure 1.1 shows this trend with concrete data of arrivals and receipts of tourism industry in Malaysia. The significant importance and the rapid growth rate of tourism industry imply a much greater contribution of tourism to the economic growth of Malaysia. It is expected that the contribution of the services sector to GDP will increase up to 60% by 2020. The Malaysian government has recognized the importance of tourism industry and has placed the development of tourism industry at a very important place. At present, tourism has been designa ted as a priority sector in the Ninth Malaysia Plan. Figure 1.1 the Arrivals and Receipts of Malaysian Tourism The Malaysia government tries to promote the development of this industry. But how could we improve the development of tourism industry? The first attention may be focused on the development of hotels or hospitality industry. The reason is that accommodation fee takes a very important weight in the expenditure of tourists, which implies that the development of hotels will pose great influence of tourism industry. The second consideration is that hospitality industry is related with many other industries. Hospitality industry is a huge industry, including not only hotels but also transportation, restaurants and so on. Without any hesitation, the hospitality industry is related to every aspects of peoples daily life. The correlation between hotels and other tourism sectors indicates that the whole tourism may benefit more if the hospitality industry could cooperate well with other related sectors. Therefore we hold the opinion that to promote the development of hotels and to make innov ation in strategies of hospitality industry is fairly important to promoting the development of tourism in Malaysia. In this study, we focus on issues related to budget hotels, because budget hotels play important role in tourism industry and the budget hotel industry has not developed very well in Malaysia  [1]  . According to the existing research, small and mediate enterprises, including budget hotels, are very important in tourism industry and all the business industries. For example, Abdullah (2011) find that firms with less than fifteen employees account for around 79% of all Irish tourism businesses, which is a characteristic of the tourism sector in many other countries recently. Sheldon (1993) find that over 90% of tourist accommodation establishments are represented by small firms in the world. And a similar dominance is reflected within Malaysia where owner operators account for the majority of all hotels. Morrison (1996) argues that the tourism industry has been dominated by the small business traditionally and this is still the fact in 1990s. There are several reasons leading to th e popularity of small hotels. The first reason is the low benchmark of entering into the budget hotel sector. It is not difficult to start up a small hotel business and the professional requirements related to this sector are relatively low in with regard to other industries (Lerner Haber, 2001; Szivas, 2001). The second reason is that demand for small accommodation is high, which enables small hotel providers to offer a wide quality range of products, facilities and special services to the market. The third reason is the flexibility of budget hotels. Budget hotels are small and the small size allows an owner-manager to respond quickly to demand shift and market change. In addition, the costs of budget hotels are relatively low because of the advantage of using family labor (Getz Carlsen, 2000; Lowe, 1988). Because budge hotels are very important in hospitality industry and hospitality industry is pretty significant for tourism industry, it is necessary for us to make clear the in fluence of budget hotel on tourism. Before analyzing the influence of budget hotels on truism industry and discussing the management of budget hotels, we need to make clear the definitions of hotel and budget hotel. A hotel is an establishment providing accommodations and usually meals and other services for travelers  [2]  . Generally there are several categories classifying hotels. Most often we may divide hotels into two subgroups, including star hotels and budget hotels. According to the view of Kim and Mauborgne (1997), there are two market segments in the budget hotel industry and the star hotel industry. Star hotels are generally more expensive than budget hotels while providing more services. Most star hotels have some amenities under certain star rating system, which usually includes private bathroom, color TV, telephone, air conditioner, refrigerator, safety deposit box, daily maid service, 24 hours front desk. The lowest level of star hotels is the one-star hotels, which are the most basic hotels providi ng all the basic amenities for all star hotels. But the rooms of one star hotel are relatively small. Some one-star hotels even do not provide refrigerators and safety deposit boxes. Budget hotels cannot be classified into those standard star rating systems and they are characterized with low price while providing less facilities. Generally these hotels do not offer ancillary facilities on top of the standard basic accommodation facilities. Maybe they are not clean enough, safe enough and do not supply something that you consider as essential for your stay. But many of the budget hotels have their own characteristics which depend on the operation of its managers. But the definition shown above is generally used in other countries than Malaysia. In Malaysia, budget hotels may provide better services than one-star hotels. For example, Malaysia Budget Hotel Dot Com (MBHDC), is an organization uniting some budge hotels, and it specializes in providing high quality and lowest price budget hotels in Malaysia (3 Stars and below)  [3]  . In the understanding of this organization, cheap hotels, youth hostels, low cost resorts, motels, guesthouses and rest houses are all in the category of budget hotels. Based on the definition of Morrison (1996) on a small tourism business, we may define a budget hotel as a small hotel that is financed by one individual or a small group of individuals, and it is mangers are the same time its owner. Generally the characteristics of those budget hotels are that the managers do not operate through a formalized management structure. It is not affiliated to an external agency on a continual basis for at least one manag ement function. In addition, it is small in terms of physical facilities, service capacity, and number of employees. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the influence of hotel industry on the whole tourism industry, and to explore the possibility of making innovations in budget hotel industry, which may improve the development of tourism industry of Malaysia. This study tries to find the reason why there are so few budget hotels in Malaysia. We interpret this phenomenon with theories of price and externalities. It is found that the reason for the lack of budget hotels is that the positive externalities of budget hotels have not been effectively internalized. Externalities of budget hotels means that the development of budget hotels will attract more tourists and those tourists will bring more value to other sectors. Because the positive externalities of budget hotels have not been effectively internalized, the stimulation for budget hotel owners to supply more budget hotel services is not high enough. Through secondary research, we find that the hotel industry has important influence on t he whole tourism industry and the externalities of hotel industry also have significant impacts on the tourism industry. This results means that there is possibility that the budget hotel or other hotels cooperates with firms from other industries and produce more value for customers and for themselves. Furthermore we discuss the needs and wants of budget hotel customers based on the theory Maslows levels of human needs, which he named the Hierarchy of Needs. Then we discuss how budget hotels should perform according to the three levels of needs. At last we discuss how a budget hotel is able to control its service quality, attract customers and establish customer loyalty. 2. Objectives of this paper: Defining budget hotel and compare different concepts. Analyzing the influence of budget hotel price on tourism; Understanding customers wants and needs in relation to budget hotel accommodation; Investigating quality and methods to retain customer in budget hotels; Analyzing principles establishing brand loyalty for budget hotels. 3. Literature Review 3.1 Price Theory This study tries to find reasons why there are so few budget hotels in Malaysia. Because the supply of budget hotels is adjusted by price in a market economy, we need to use a proper price theory to explain this economic phenomenon. Therefore we need to select a best price theory that is able to help us to gain deep understanding about the shortage of budget hotels in Malaysia. Economists have for a long time been aware of the importance of price and try different ways explaining the mechanism of price formation. The existing economic thoughts on price are so rich and colorful that we often feel confused when evaluating different kinds of price theories. The evolution of price theory can be classified roughly as three classes, including Marxs theory of value, economic price theory and accounting theories of pricing. In order to understand the evolution of price theory, we need to start thinking from the exchange behavior. The reason of choosing exchange behavior as the starting point is that exchange is the foundation of the market economy. Exchange behavior is the most common phenomenon in a market economy. In fact there is no price if there was no exchange. But why do we exchange with others? Intuitively, we can get more utilities through exchange. In the process of exchange we can get something useful from others, at the same time we must be able to provide something useful for others. Otherwise the deal cannot be done. The great classical economists like Adam Smith and Karl Marx had paid much attention to exchange behavior. In his famous book An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations Adam Smith (1776) wrote down the following words, which have been quoted by numerous economists. Man has almost constant occasion for the help of his brethren, and it is in vain for him to expect it from their benevolence only. He will be more likely to prevail if he can interest their self-love in his favor, and show them that it is for their own advantage to do for him what he requires of them. Whoever offers to another a bargain of any kind, proposes to do this. Give me what I want, and you shall have this which you want, is the meaning of every such offer; and it is the manner that we obtain from one another the far greater part of those good offers which we stand in need of. It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity but to their self-love. Smith saw the pretty positive aspect of the market economy of compelling people to cooperate with each other through exchange. Smith recognized that to propose an exchange is intending to show other people that your goods or service is useful to them. When you finished exchange, it means the other person recognizes that your goods or service is of value. Exchange can be considered as the fundamental factor of the market economy. Karl Marx does provide a special way explaining value and price although Marxism is generally considered a way of engaging and transforming social reality (Tinker, 1999). Marxs theory of value is based on the analysis of exchange behavior. Karl Marx started his analysis on capitalism from the definition of commodity which was obtained from his analysis of exchange behavior. According to Marx commodities are the fundamental units of capitalism and capitalism can be viewed as a form of economy based on the intense accumulation of such objects (Bourguignon, 2005). He also pointed out A commodity is, in the first place, an object outside of us, a thing that by its properties satisfies human wants of some sort or another (Karl Marx, 1887). After noting that commodity exchange, Marx turned his attention to the question: why we are able to exchange two different products? His answer is that there must be comparable thing between the two different products. Therefore people are able to decid e the exchange ratio based on the amount of the comparable thing in the two different products. If this is true, then what is the comparable thing? Marx thought it is labor  [4]  . Although different products have different uses, they are all made through labor. The labor contained in a product is the value of this product. If one product cost more labor, then this product is more valuable. This is a perspective from cost. This analysis is reasonable at that time, but when the productivity becomes so advanced that a lot of different factors besides labor, such as technology and management skill, begin to make greater contribution to production, Marxs theory of value is hardly able to interpret various complex economic phenomenon. Then another class of price theory was developed and become more attractive. That is the price theory based on the concept of utility. The framework of utility-price theory became well established when Economics went into the 20th century with the development of mathematical analysis (Sandmo, 2010). A lot of economists moved their interest from cost perspective to equilibrium perspective when analyzing the price formation mechanism. In this framework the price of a commodity is decided by the equilibrium of demand and supply. Demand of a product reflects the utility of a certain product to some consumers, while supply reflects the cost of producing this product. If supply superiors demand, then price will go down. The result is a lower supply and more demand, which may lead to equilibrium between supply and demand. If demand superiors supply, then price will go up, which results in more supply and less demand. Equilibrium between supply and demand is also possibly to be realized (Man kiw, 2004). The price at the equilibrium is the equilibrium price. This price theory is widely accepted and applied to explain different kinds of price fluctuations. The neoclassic equilibrium theory of price is mainly static, which is hard to explain some modern price formation process, for example financial asset pricing. As the development of productivity, mainly the development of financial techniques, some new price theory taking time and future into account is necessary. Therefore a new class of theory, the core of which is the calculation of present value, has been developed to meet this demand. The theory argues that the value of an asset is decided by the future cash flow that this asset is able to bring (Jones, 2006; Thomas and Ward, 2009). And this theory has been applied widely to the pricing of financial or other kinds of asset. Because the entering benchmark of budget hotels is very low, the supply of budget hotel is mainly decided by demand. And this problem is not a dynamic pricing issue. Therefore, the neoclassical price theory is the best to be used to explain the shortage of budget hotels. 3.2 Determinants of tourism demand Because the supply of budget hotel is mainly decided by demand, we need to know more about determinants of tourism demand and know how to forecast the demand. It has been widely recognized that accurate forecasts of tourism demand is pretty helpful for managerial decision making. Archer (1987) argues that in the tourism industry the need to forecast accurately is especially acute because of the perishable nature of the product. Unfilled airline seats and unused hotel rooms cannot be stockpiled. Some scholars, such as Edwards (1985), publish some predictions for certain countries. There are also some organizations in the tourism industry that publish confidential predictions on tourism demand. There are a lot of review articles on tourism demand up to now, including Crouch (1994),Witt and Witt (1995), Lim (1999), Li et al. (2005), and Li and Song (2008). According to the reviews, the methods applicable to analyzing the influence of the determinants of tourism demand are relatively lim ited. Multiple regression method is the main methodology in this analysis (Witt and Witt, 1995). Tourist visits may happen for several reasons, including holidays, business travel, visiting friends or something else. The majority of existing studies of tourism demand analyze either total tourist trips or just holiday travel, with only a few concerning on business travel. In the empirical literature, tourism demand is generally measured by the number of tourist visits from an origin country to a foreign destination country (for example, Turner Witt, 2001; Kulendran Wong, 2005; Coshall, 2005; Rossello, 2001). An alternative measure is the tourist nights spent in the destination country. The third measurement is the expenditure of tourists in the destination country (such as Li, Song, Witt, 2004, 2006; Li, Wong, Song, Witt, 2006). But up to now there has not been a best method for tourism demand analysis (Li and Song, 2008). With regard to the researched countries, USA, UK, and France are the most popular researched countries while the research on Malaysia is very limited. The quantitative literature on tourism demand can be divided into two classes, including non-causal time-series models and the causal econometric methods, the difference between which is whether the model identifies any causal relationship between the tourism demand and its influencing variables (Li and Song, 2008). The causal econometric methods are useful for the present study. In the review of Li and Song (2008), there are 121 empirical papers on tourism demand in total. Among those literature, 72 used the time-series techniques to model the demand for tourism, while the others employ econometric techniques analyzing the causal relationship between tourism demands and explaining factors. 3.3 Externalities of hospitality industry One major hypothesis of this paper is that the shortage of budget hotels in Malaysia is due to the reason that the externalities of budget hotel have not been well internalized. An externality is a cost or benefit that is not transmitted through prices or is incurred by a party who was not involved as either a buyer or seller of the goods or services causing the cost or benefit (Bishop, 2012). We can understand externality as a consequence of an economic activity that is experienced by unrelated third parties. We can classify externalities into two categories including positive externalities and negative externalities. An example of the negative externality is pollution. A negative externality happens when an individual or firm does not need to pay the full cost of its production. If a good or service has a negative externality, it implies that the cost to society is larger than the cost paid by consumers. Because consumers make consumption decisions according to their own conditions , meaning they try to make their marginal cost equal to their marginal benefit, without considering the cost of the negative externality, negative externalities will cause market inefficiencies where too many goods or too much service are produced. A positive externality occurs under the situation that an individual/firm makes a decision without receiving the full benefit of production. The benefit to the individual/ firm is less than the total benefit to the society. Therefore when a positive externality exists in a market, the private marginal benefit curve is less than the societys marginal benefit curve. With positive externalities, the production and consumption are less than the optimal production to the society (Mankiw, 2011). There has been a lot of literature discussing the impacts of externalities on different industries or economic activities. For example, Katz and Shapiro (1985) provide an analysis on the influence of externalities on the competition in several important markets. They find that if there are externalities, then consumers expectations can influence the structure of the market equilibrium in their model. Azariadis and Drazen (1990) find that externalities can influence the accumulation of human capital. Henderson (1997) employs panel data for five capital goods industries and estimates dynamic externalities. He concludes that externalities pose significant influence on capital goods industries. Warziniack et al. (2009) develop a general equilibrium model measuring welfare effects of taxes for correcting environmental externalities and evaluate the impacts of externalities arising through exports. They find that externalities from exports are resulted in a number of sources. They argue th at taxes on the sector imposing the environmental externality often presents more negative effects than positive effects. There are many other literature studying the influence of externalities on other aspects of an economy, such as Devereux et al. (2007), Acharya and Volpin (2010) and Foster (2012). But there have been few papers on the externalities of hospitality industry on the development of the whole tourism industry. Most of the researches on externalities in tourism industry are related to city planning, location setting or taxes. For example, Chang et al. (2011) analyze the congestion externalities caused by tourism expansion and the wealth effect generated by the revenues from overseas tourism taxation. Schubert (2010) studies optimal taxation (subvention) when tourism is associated with multiple externalities. Chao et al. (2004) examine the welfare effect of tourism on the host economy. They identify three channels influencing domestic welfare by tourism, the most important one of which is the social externality accompanied with tourists. Calveras and Vera-Hernà ¡ndez (2005) place great emphasis on the presence of quality externalities among hotel establishments when they explore the role played by the tour operator in quality investments. These existing researches are helpful for my analysis of the externality effect of hospitality effects on the whole tourism industry and the welfare of lo cal residents in Malaysia. 4. Theoretical Framework 4.1 Classical Price Theory and Hotel Price Pricing is an art. How to set the price of a good at the best level and achieve the most profits is a hard challenge for any manager in any business field including the hospitality industry. According to the classical price theory of Economics, price is related to two aspects of goods and services: supply and demand. Price has a positive relationship with the supply of goods and services. The reason is that profits would be thick if price if high. As a result of the thick profit, more and more firms will enter this industry and supply more goods and services. At the same time, price has a negative supply with demand of goods and services, because a high price means a high cost of consuming the goods or service for the consumers. The positive relationship between price and supply and the negative relationship between price and demand implies that an equilibrium market state will finally be realized. Market equilibrium means that supply and demand of goods and services are equal to eac h other. The price at the equilibrium state is named equilibrium price. When price is higher than the equilibrium price, it means that demand is larger than supply. At this time, firms will provide more goods or services and price will go down. Similarly, when price is lower than equilibrium price, supply is larger than demand. Then firms will supply less because of the low profits, as a result of which price will go up. This theory fits the normal goods market the best, while remains limited exploratory power for luxury goods market and some other markets. Since hotel is a normal goods instead of luxury goods, the classical price theory in Economics is useful in the studying the price of budget hotel. In this paper one our main objectives is to analyze the influence of hotel pricing on the whole tourism industry. In order to answer this question we mainly analyze from the demand perspective, which means that hotel price influences the demand of hotels and the demand of tourism. The reason is that accommodation fee is the majority of tourism expenditure for most of the tourists. If hotel price is too high, fewer tourists will come and the demand for hotels becomes lower. And there is a second perspective that hotel price also influences the welfare of local residents. If the hotel price is set to be very low, then the profits of the hotel and the wage of local workers must be low, which implies that the welfare of local residents is low. As a result, there must be a best choice of price which is able to maximizing the welfare of local residents, and a best price that maximizes the profits of hotels. Price Quantity Supply Curve Demand Curve Figure 4.1 Classical Price Theory 4.2 Externalities of Hotel Price and Cooperation between Industries But there is a difference between the best price for local residents and the best price for hotels. The best price for hotels should be the one that is able to maximize the profits of hotels. This price is not necessarily the price maximizing the welfare of local residents. The price maximizing the welfare of local residents is the one that maximizing the gross income instead of profits of hotels. The difference between hotels best price and local residents best price exists because of the externalities of hotels. An externality (or transaction spillover) is a cost or benefit that is not transmitted through prices or is incurred by a party who was not involved as either a buyer or seller of the goods or services causing the cost or benefit. The externalities of hotels can be understood as the influence of hotel price on other sectors or industries. For example, if the hotel price decreases, then more tourists will come to Malaysia for sightseeing because of the cost becomes lower. More tourists imply more demand for local restaurants, entertainment industries and some other sectors. Similarly, if hotel price increases, fewer tourists will choose to spend their holiday in Malaysia and the local restaurants and entertainment or other industries would benefit less from tourism. Price Quantity Supply of Hotel Demand of Hotel Demand of Tourism Figure 4.2 Externalities of Hotel Price The logic of externality indicates that if the hotels and other sectors could cooperate well, the whole tourism industry would benefit more from the increase of tourists. Imagine that if the hotel price is set to be lower than the present level, which will attract more tourists and those more tourists may bring more spending on local goods and services. Those incurred spending may compensate the loss of hotel revenue. It means that the total benefits of local tourism increases although at the cost of hotel revenue decrease. A good cooperation between the hotel industry and other industries means that other industries are able to transmit part of the incurred revenue to hotel industry and share the increased revenue with hotel industry. There are some examples illustrating this good cooperation in tourism industry. In some states of Malaysia, the scenic spots are free and tourists do not need to pay gate tickets. The loss of tickets income leads to higher income of ot

The Philosophy of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

The Philosophy of Gilles Deleuze and FÃ ©lix Guattari ABSTRACT: In academic philosophy the writings of Gilles Deleuze and FÃ ©lix Guattari are still treated as curiosities and their importance for philosophical discussions is not recognized. In order to remedy this, I demonstrate how the very concept of philosophy expounded by the two contributes to philosophical thinking at the end of the twentieth century while also providing a possible line of thought for the next millenium. To do this, I first emphasize the influence of Deleuze's thinking, while also indicating the impact Guattari had on him. This account will therefore show Deleuze's attempts before Guattari to concieve of a non-dialectic philosophy of becoming. I will turn to rethink this approach given the influence of Guattari and his anti-psychoanalytic analysis of territorial processes. The result is a conception of philosophical activity as an act of 'becoming minor'.(1) 1. Introduction In the following I would like to talk about a topic that has been treated very little in academic philosophy. The works of GILLES DELEUZE - and not to forget his co-author, FÉLIX GUATTARI - are still treated as 'curiosities' and their importance for philosophical discussions is not recognized. (2) In opposition to this, I will show what the very concept of philosophy means to these two thinkers. In doing this I will start with the more theoretical backround. As many others have already I will stress the decisive influence of DELEUZE'S thinking, but I will also try to indicate the impact GUATTARI had on him. This account will therefore show DELEUZE'S attempts - before GUATTARI - to concieve of a non-dialectic philosophy of becoming. After that I will turn to the rethinking of such an approach given the influence of GUATTARI and his anti-psychoanalytic analysis of territorial processes. The outcome will be the resulting conception of the philosophical activity as an act of 'becoming-minor'. 2. GILLES DELEUZE Philosophy of Difference - Against Dialectics GILLES DELEUZE'S early philosophy is dominated by the project of attaining a kind of philosophy that can be characterized best by naming its very enemy: dialectics. Whether as a 'school' of philosophy (including the leading figures in France, KOJÈVE and SARTRE) or as an ontological approach to the world itself, which implies - no matter if in the Hegelian or Platonic version - a fundamental dualism. (In PLATO the difference between the sensual and intellectual world, in HEGEL'S dialectics the 'sublation' [Aufhebung] of real differences in the world through the synthesizing faculty of the mind qua negation).

Explain Arisotles Virtue Ethics

Dominance is a state of action as opposed to inaction and an individual must work hard in order to achieve it. To reach Dominance you must reason and be a thinker as this is unique to humans, it is the final cause for humanity as it is the most fulfilling position to be in. Reaching such a superior end goal requires hard work and effort: â€Å"man is a political and social animal† – the greatest good for a person is for them to actively participate in the politics of society and to interact with other humans, morality can only arise once these activities have been performed.A riotous life is an ongoing task and can only be achieved through practice and education. â€Å"Dominance is an end in itself' and is merely pursued for its own virtues rather than as a means to an end. A virtue, for Aristotle, is a trait that contributes to a person functioning well as a human being such as bravery and generosity. A virtue is not doing one action on one given occasion such as givi ng to charity once and then never again, it is not ‘feeling virtuous as you are not brave if you feel brave and do not act upon it and it is also not a natural inclination as someone who has been born that way has not worked to become virtuous.Aristotle concludes that a virtue is a learned nature/tendency to reason and act in a certain way. We are each responsible for the choices that we make based on personal vice and virtue, how virtuous a person may be is entirely dependent on how they will intend to act in any given situation. The doctrine of the mean/the golden mean is a central concept in Aristotle virtue ethics. According to the doctrine of the mean, a virtue is a mean state between two extremes: one of excess and one of deficiency.To be virtuous, one virtue must connect with another. Virtues will only fully develop in a minority of people and the doctrine of the mean can be used to guide you; however you must be educated to use this. And so, an element of elitism can b e seen here. For example: it is good to be courageous, however you can have too much or, even, too little courage. Aristotle did not explicitly declare what the midpoint was, and so it is clearly not of numerical value and so it must be more about acting at the right time.Although virtue ethics does not give you a clear answer to an ethical dilemma, it allows each individual to respond to each different situation they face. Aristotle believed that there were 4 different groups of people. There are vicious people who are those that do not attempt to be virtuous. There are incontinent people who face moral conflict but usually choose a vice. Continent people do the virtuous thing most of the time but still have to overcome a moral dilemma, and virtuous people enjoy doing good actions, and so they face no moral dilemmas in life.Choices are important as every human has an aim in life. Such aims are then split into either superior or subordinate aims and, according to Aristotle; the supe rior aim of an individual is Dominance as this is the final purpose of a human. In society, some people re hedonists and seek pleasure, some serve the community and seek honor (politicians) and some are philosophers and live in a state of contemplation. Aristotle believes philosophers to be the best as they possess the ability to exercise key intellectual virtues which allow them to steer themselves towards Dominance.Virtues are either moral or intellectual in which there are 5 intellectual virtues according to Aristotle: prudence/practical wisdom, intuitive intelligence, wisdom, scientific knowledge and craft/art. Of the 5 virtues, Aristotle considers practical wisdom to be the most important in Virtue Ethics as it imply describes moral behavior, and does not require people to do something different to what they already do.You may do a string of good actions, but unless you know the direction you are to go then you may end up on the wrong path. Since people act differently in every situation there are no inherently bad actions. Anyone who is virtuous should, theoretically, always make the correct decision. Aristotle Virtue Ethics is person rather than action based; it looks at the moral character of the person carrying out an action. Good character traits must be cultivated and developed in order for people to truly achieve Dominance.

Plan Your Entire Marketing Strategy With Marketing Projects [Live Demo] - CoSchedule Blog

Plan Your Entire Marketing Strategy With Marketing Projects [Live Demo] Blog Managing multiple marketing campaigns all at once, especially with a dozen moving pieces is tough. Juggling tasks, looming headlines, making sure your team is staying on task, and when you repeat this seemingly never-ending cycle repeatedly it can get kind of tiring. With Marketing Projects, you can help fight this frustration by organizing your marketing campaign all  in one place. Watch This:  Plan Your Entire #MarketingStrategy with Marketing Projects In Get your entire marketing campaign organized in one place, so you can move projects forward (not tirelessly track them down)! Consolidate everything into a single marketing project, so you can focus on executing on those pieces, NOT continuously tracking them down. Maximize your team’s resources from one centralized location. Ramp up on projects faster with all your moving pieces in one project, accurately gauge timelines, and know who’s working on what –– at any given moment. Proactively plan your ENTIRE roadmap. Get a visual timeline of every project on the calendar, so you can effectively plan out days, weeks, and months in advance (without overbooking your team). Monitor your team’s progress + make adjustments faster. Quickly view your teams overall progress and make adjustments faster, so you never miss a deadline. Plan Your Entire Marketing Strategy With Marketing Projects [Live Demo] Blog Managing multiple marketing campaigns all at once, especially with a dozen moving pieces is tough. Juggling tasks, looming headlines, making sure your team is staying on task, and when you repeat this seemingly never-ending cycle repeatedly it can get kind of tiring. With Marketing Projects, you can help fight this frustration by organizing your marketing campaign all  in one place. Watch This:  Plan Your Entire #MarketingStrategy with Marketing Projects In Get your entire marketing campaign organized in one place, so you can move projects forward (not tirelessly track them down)! Consolidate everything into a single marketing project, so you can focus on executing on those pieces, NOT continuously tracking them down. Maximize your team’s resources from one centralized location. Ramp up on projects faster with all your moving pieces in one project, accurately gauge timelines, and know who’s working on what –– at any given moment. Proactively plan your ENTIRE roadmap. Get a visual timeline of every project on the calendar, so you can effectively plan out days, weeks, and months in advance (without overbooking your team). Monitor your team’s progress + make adjustments faster. Quickly view your teams overall progress and make adjustments faster, so you never miss a deadline.

effects of govt. on poland essays

effects of govt. on poland essays The government, whether we think about it or not, plays a very significant role in all of our lives regardless of our ethnic background. Though there are many differing forms of government, they affect our lives in the same way. Changes in how the government works slowly begin to effect how we carry out our daily actions and over time an entire culture can be changed. For this reason, I chose to take a critical look at how the change of government in Poland from Communism to Democracy affected their culture. In order to do this, I had to examine communism and its creators. I had to find out what happened to cause communism to take power in Poland and why it eventually crumbled. First, I looked at what communism was all about. Communism began in the early 19th century in response to the problematic beginnings of modern capitalism (Bottomore 11). At that time communism was the basis for many political settlements, most of which eventually failed. The concept itself was created by Karl Marx and Fredrich Engels, the concept, though, proved only to be effective in theory. Karl Marx was born on May 5, 1818, in a place called Trier, in Prussia. His parents were of Jewish descent, however they did not practice Judaism (Payne 17). In 1824, Karl's father adopted Protestantism. Marx attended the university of Bonn and later the university at Berlin, where he studied in law, while majoring in history and philosophy. Marx eventually married his childhood friend Jenny von Westphalen, in 1843 (Payne 27). After his education, Marx began to associate himself with a group of people who were known for having revolutionary ideas. In 1842 Marx was asked to contribute to the Rheinische Zeitung, a German paper, in Colog ne (Payne 83). At the time Marx started, the paper had only 400 subscribers. Shortly after Marx became editor-in-chief and decided to move from Bonn to Cologne. As the paper became more and more revolutionary and widely...

Negotiation Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Negotiation Process - Essay Example According to the report the marked price on most items not always its fixed price. Therefore, he was ready to negotiate with the seller so that they could reduce the price. Moreover, the author knew that there would be a certain price that the seller would not go below if the item has to remain profitable. He also understood that for the negotiation process to be successful he had to be flexible, and he had to communicate effectively so that at the end the price agreed would be a win-win situation.From this discussion it is clear that  upon entering the shop, the author was welcomed by the young white lady. She looked jovial, and she directed him to the counter selling PlayStation. The person in charge was a Chinese old man who looked very serious. He had a Chinese accent and struggled to speak English fluently. However, he was willing to explain the functionality of the PlayStation and the available different types. Due to his poor English, he did not understand all that he said. The author immediately asked for the price. He stated the price and they began negotiation. Due to his serious nature, he was not really interested in negotiating. His attitude put me off, and the author called the young white lady. She explained to me again, and he even realized that the PlayStation they were negotiating on was not exactly what he wanted. She showed him another machine, and they began discussing the price. She was very flexible and convincing. She maintained her positive attitude.  

How to reduce the incidence of lower extermity amputations in diabetes Literature review

How to reduce the incidence of lower extermity amputations in diabetes with Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy - Literature review Example This study looks into hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), a popular treatment method for decompression sickness. It utilizes a special sealed chamber which is pressurized up to three times the normal atmospheric. Inside the chamber the patient can breathe pure oxygen, hence effectively increasing the amount of oxygen in the blood. Over the years, HBOT has been used to treat various illnesses including gas embolism, gas gangrene, skin grafts, bone infections and many others. While HBOT has been used to treat many conditions, there is still conflicting evidence as to its effectiveness in treating infections of the skin and tissues. In a research by Meryl Brod it was mentioned, â€Å"Lower extremity ulcers are among the most common and costly complications of diabetes. They are a leading cause of amputation and account for more hospital days than other diabetic complications†. Aside from its economic cost, diabetic ulcers has a negative impact on a person’s quality of life; thereby making treatment for lower extremity ulcers a priority for many health care practitioners. Having said this, it is now important to qualify that this critical appraisal isn’t really about preventing amputations among diabetic patients, but rather, finding an effective treatment to cure foot ulcers. The researcher searched two databases, PubMed and Google Scholar. The search terms used were hyperbaric oxygen therapy, curing diabetic ulcers, preventing diabetic amputations, hyperbaric oxygen therapy and diabetes, and effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen in curing diabetic wounds. Thousands of resources were returned so several criteria for inclusion was created. Resources were accepted or rejected based on the following criteria: (1) the study cover the treatment for diabetes wounds and ulcers (2) the study must not be older than 1995; (3) the study must be in English; (4) the study must involve human subjects. Accepted resources were subjected to an ancestry search of th eir references to discover new resources which can be used to address the clinical question. Ten (10) studies were then included at the end of this search. The resources are intentionally international in scope in order to determine what factors may affect the efficacy of HBOT in treating lower extremity wounds and ulcers. Method for Appraising Articles For the purpose of this study, methodology for rapid critical appraisal (RCA) will be utilized. Through the RCA, this critical appraisal paper will review each study in order to determine (1) its level of evidence, (2) how well it was conducted, and (3) how useful it is to practice (Fineout-Overholt et al. 2010).